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Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life) Plants Animals Fungi Insects …etc.

Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life) Plants Animals Fungi Insects …etc. Abiotic - nonliving components of an ecosystem (a- = without, bio- = life) Water Wind Precipitation Soil …etc. Organization of Ecosystem.

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Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life) Plants Animals Fungi Insects …etc.

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  1. Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life) • Plants • Animals • Fungi • Insects • …etc. • Abiotic - nonliving components of an ecosystem(a- = without, bio- = life) • Water • Wind • Precipitation • Soil • …etc.

  2. Organization of Ecosystem • Population - all the individuals of the same species living in the same area. • Area = habitat – place where organism lives • Community - all the populations living in a certain area. • Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts of an area. • Biome – well characterized type of ecosystem • Biosphere - zone of the Earth that supports all life.

  3. Interaction of individual and environment • Can only live in a certain range of each environmental factor • Ex. Temperature, pH, salt, air content, type of diet etc. • Graph showing the range which an individual can live in = Tolerance curve http://library.thinkquest.org/28343/media/graphics/rangtole.gif

  4. Niche • Role or job each species has in the ecosystem • Sum of all the tolerance curves and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors • The ranges in which an organism can live for every abiotic factor • Interactions with other species http://nichefinder.maxupdates.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/micro-niche-websites1.jpg

  5. Populations of organisms • Populations of a species in an area are limited in number. • By what? • Biotic • Predation, competition, some disease, food • Abiotic • Temperature, terrain, elevation, sunlight, water • Limiting Factors – restrict organisms in certain environments. Affect numbers, distribution, reproduction, and even existence. http://digitaljournal.com/img/6/8/7/0/1/4/i/9/5/7/o/Emperor_Penguins.jpg

  6. Populations • Carrying capacity – based on limiting factors, the number of organisms in a population that the environment can support. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SimCity_4_cover.jpg/250px-SimCity_4_cover.jpg

  7. HonorsBiology-ville • Limiting Factors? • Carrying capacity?

  8. Population Growth • How do populations grow when there is a carrying capacity (there are limiting factors)? • How would a wild animal population grow? Our HonorsBiology-ville population? • What affects population growth • Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration • S-shaped curve • Logistic growth

  9. Population Growth • How would a population grow with no carrying capacity? No limiting factors? • What kind of population is this the case for? • Human population, bacteria, cancer cells • J-Shaped Curve • Exponential growth

  10. Everything but humans and bacteria… • Logistic growth • Isle Royale National Park – moose and wolves http://www.admin.mtu.edu/urel/PressReleases/feature/wolves/moosewolf

  11. Interactions with other species • In what possible ways can two species interact? In what ways can two organisms interact? (relationships at community level) • Competition • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • Predation

  12. Interactions with other species • Competition – organisms who use the same resources compete for those resources - limited amount • Animals? • Plants? http://www.andymumford.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/tree.jpg

  13. Symbiosis • Sym- (together), bio- (life), -sis (state of) • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  14. Interactions with other species • Predation • One animal kills and consumes the other for energy http://wallpaper.imcphoto.net/animals/hawk/hunting-hawk.jpg

  15. Energy Flow • How do organisms acquire energy? • Producers, Consumers, Decomposers • Producer – autotroph, make their own food with energy from the sun, or earth • Plants, giant tube worms http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/geology/vent.jpg http://campuskitchens.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/plant.jpg http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/science/images/riftia_crabs_hq.jpg

  16. Energy Flow • Consumers – heterotrophs, depend on other organisms for food • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivore http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/images/ic/credit/640x395/h/he/herbivore/herbivore_1.jpg http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8-1iYTkqIA/TkKa7fqBC_I/AAAAAAAAAbI/IWfNHKdFDAg/s1600/lion-attacks-zebra-calf-1.jpg http://cucinadicarrie.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/salad.jpg

  17. Energy Flow • Decomposers – break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms • Ants, vultures, fungi, bacteria http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PVsgqPyZ-W8/TMuBERW2WkI/AAAAAAAAjb8/0qeIWFCSNW0/s1600/Oyster+mushrooms+on+log.jpg

  18. Organization of organisms into producers and consumers = energy pyramid • Divided into trophic levels • Higher levels support fewer organisms – have less biomass • 10% rule – only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is transferred to the above level http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodweb/xfoodchains.gif http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/EnergyPyramid-26a65z5.gif

  19. Food chain • Shows energy flow from one organism to another • The arrow points in the direction of energy flow Producer C1 C2 Sun C4 C3 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7rJudWIXTJQ/Tt_BPza86TI/AAAAAAAAAEU/2a9QD4FEoIY/s1600/foodchain.gif

  20. Food web • Combination of multiple food chains • All the organisms that eat one organisms, all the organisms that organism eats, etc. http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0002/foodweb.gif http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2288621.stm

  21. How are organisms impacted by their environment? • Air • Oxygen and carbon dioxide • Water • Precipitation and rainfall • Nitrogen • Phosphorous http://www.deshow.net/d/file/cartoon/2008-12/bob-ross-landscape-painting-281-28.jpg

  22. Nitrogen Cycle • Bacteria in soil change nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites – used to make proteins. Nitrogen is then released during decomposition. http://spacecollective.org/userdata/40gNgVku/1176753936/root_nodules.jpg http://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/i-dSkxsCL/0/L/nitrogen-cycle-L.jpg

  23. Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorus shows up in soil from rock erosion. The plants obtain P from the soil, animals get P when they consume plants and when the animals die they decompose and the P is put back in the soil. http://vceenviroscience.edublogs.org/files/2009/09/phosphoruscycle.jpg

  24. Balance • Species interactions, environmental factors • Important environmental factors • Fire • Flood http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/LodgepolePine_6915.jpg

  25. Succession • Primary - rise of a community in an area with virtually no soil and no living organisms. Ex: volcano, retreating glacier • Secondary - a disturbance has left soil and a community arises from that • Climax community – final stable state of community • Eutrophication – energy/nutrients http://hs-science-systemsibsl.ism-online.org/files/2011/11/eutrophication.jpg

  26. Human Impacts • Remove predators • Transfer organisms to new habitats • Invasive species • Kudzu • Upset physical environment • Habitat destruction http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2011/01/28/2014070369.jpg http://www.theresilientearth.com/files/images/kudzu-covered-house.jpg http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/images/invasive_species/northern_snakehead_trammell.jpg http://conservation-issues.co.uk/CI-UK%20Gallery/1.%20Environmental%20Issues/slides/Habitat%20Destruction.jpg

  27. Human Impacts http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/02/assisted-migration/

  28. Global Warming http://web.ncf.ca/jim/ref/inconvenientTruth/index.html

  29. Biodiversity • Biodiversity-having a variety of different types of organisms in an area. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are areas with high biodiversity. (the warmer and more even the climate the higher the biodiversity). Biodiversity is important in keeping ecosystems balanced. (removing certain species can destroy ecosystem) Humans prosper from biodiversity: more food, meds, resources (clothes, furniture)

  30. Human Population as of 2010 • World –6,840,507,000 (over 7 billion now) • U.S. – 308,745,538 • N.C. – 9,535,483 • Forsyth – 350,670 • Kernersville township – 30,386 http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-30/world-population-hits-seven-billion/51007670/1

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