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The Celestial Sphere

The Celestial Sphere. The Caracol at Chichen Itza. Built around 1000AD. The Mayans developed a very accurate calendar. They also placed special significance on Venus. Human Sacrifices were routinely performed to worship Venus. Name that constellation. Orion the Hunter. North Pole.

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The Celestial Sphere

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  1. The Celestial Sphere

  2. The Caracol at Chichen Itza • Built around 1000AD. • The Mayans developed a very accurate calendar. • They also placed special significance on Venus. • Human Sacrifices were routinely performed to worship Venus

  3. Name that constellation

  4. Orion the Hunter

  5. North Pole Equator South Pole The Celestial Sphere

  6. Equator North Pole South Pole

  7. North Pole Meridian Equator South Pole

  8. Equator North Pole Meridian South Pole

  9. North Celestial Pole Celestial Sphere Celestial Equator South Celestial Pole

  10. NCP Declination CEq Celestial Meridian SCP

  11. Zenith W S N Horizon E Local Sky

  12. NCP Visible Half of the Sky N W E S Below the Horizon Z CEq SCP

  13. Zenith NCP CEq W S N E MeasuringLatitude Latitude Horizon

  14. Z Z NCP NCP Z W W NCP N S S N E E 40º N Latitude Equator North Pole

  15. Evidence of Earth’s Rotation • Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere • Star Trails • Cycle of Night and Day • Inertial Effects of Stuff on Earth • Coriolis Effect • Focault Pendulum • Precession of the Equinox

  16. Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere

  17. Apparent Rotation of the Celestial Sphere

  18. Zenith Above Horizon for > 12h Above Horizon for < 12h Never Rises NCP Above Horizon for 12h Never Sets W N S E CEq

  19. The Coriolis Effect

  20. Coriolis Effect

  21. Arctic Circle 66.5º N: 666 km/h Binghamton, NY 42º N: 1200 km/h Equator 1670 km/h Differential Rotational Speeds

  22. Precession of the Equinoxes

  23. Cepheus Draco Polaris Ursa Minor 2000 AD Thuban 2700 BC

  24. Precession of the Equinoxes

  25. Precession of the Equinoxes

  26. Evidence of Earth’s Revolution • Sidereal Day vs. Solar Day • Seasons • Due to Earth’s tilt in combination with its Revolution about the Sun • Constellations and the Zodiak • As Earth revolves, different stars are visible at night

  27. T=24h (Solar day) Sun overhead T=23h 56m 04s (Sidereal Day) One Earth rotation Noon Noon Solar & Sidereal Days T=0h Not to Scale

  28. Seasons September June December March

  29. Seasons

  30. Obliquity of the Ecliptic

  31. NCP 4 Seasons Autumnal Equinox Summer Solstice 3rd 4th 2nd Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox 1st CEq Ecliptic SCP

  32. NCP Ecliptic CEq ~23.5º Seasons Obliquity of the Ecliptic SCP

  33. NCP Seasons Summer Solstice Ecliptic CEq Winter Solstice SCP

  34. NCP Seasons Autumnal Equinox Summer Solstice Ecliptic CEq Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox SCP

  35. Seasons Z Summer Solstice NCP Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes CEq W Winter Solstice N S E

  36. Z Summer Solstice NCP Vernal & Autumnal Equinoxes W Winter Solstice N S E Seasons CEq

  37. Angle and Intensity of Insolation

  38. 1 KW/m2 1 KW/m2 1 m2 2 m2

  39. Equinoxes: March 20 & Sept. 22 Spring and Fall

  40. December 21: Winter Solstice Northern Winter Southern Summer

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