The Monroe Doctrine

1. Dolley Madison • She was the wife of President James Madison • For half a century she was the most important woman in the social circles of America. To this day she remains one of the best known and best loved women of the White House. • Madison began, in 1801, his eight years as Jefferson’s secretary of state. Dolleyassisted at the White House when the president asked her help in receiving guests, and presided at the first inaugural ball in Washington when her husband became president in 1809. • She used her social skills, charm and personal popularity to win over her husband’s political opponents and help advance his career.

2. She also undertook the responsibility of leading fundraising efforts for Lewis and Clark’s exploration of the western wilderness. • Although a woman’s involvement in political affairs was frowned upon, Dolley rallied support for her husband in the 1808 presidential race through her extensive networking. Her success prompted the opposition candidate Charles Pinckney to grumble, “I might have had a better chance had I faced Mr. Madison alone.” • According to the White House Historical Society and Dolley’s personal letters, President James Madison left the White House on August 22 to meet with his generals on the battlefield, as British troops threatened to enter the capitol.  • Before leaving, he asked his wife Dolley if she had the “courage or firmness” to wait for his intended return the next day. He asked her to gather important state papers and be prepared to abandon the White House at any moment.

3. The next day, Dolley and a few servants scanned the horizon with spyglasses waiting for either Madison or the British army to show up. • As British troops gathered in the distance, Dolley decided to abandon the couple’s personal belongings and save the full-length portrait of former president and national icon George Washington from desecration by vengeful British soldiers. • Dolley wrote to her sister on the night of August 23 that a friend who came to help her escape was exasperated at her insistence on saving the portrait. Since the painting was screwed to the wall she ordered the frame to be broken and the canvas pulled out and rolled up. Two unidentified “gentlemen from New York” hustled it away for safe-keeping. • Dolley left the White House and found her husband at their predetermined meeting place.

4. The next night, August 24, British troops enjoyed feasting on White House food using the president’s silverware and china before burning the building. • Although they were able to return to Washington only three days later when British troops moved on, the Madisons were not again able to take up residence in the White House and lived out the rest of his term in the city’s Octagon House. • It was not until 1817 that newly elected President James Monroe moved back into the reconstructed building. • Dolley resumed hosting parties almost immediately after settling in a new residence, a show of determination believed to have helped convince her friends in Congress to vote down a plan to move the capital back to Philadelphia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3JixI6VjZ4

5. End Of The Federalist Party • The Federalist Party came to an end with the War of 1812 due to the Hartford Convention. • New England Federalists faced hostility for continuing to oppose the war once it was already underway. • The Hartford Convention was organized by extreme Federalists to discuss a New England Confederacy to ensure their interests and to discuss other frustrations with the war. • It continued from December 15, 1814 to January 15, 1815 and since there were more moderates than secessionists, the final proposals were extremely reasonable.

6. Some of these proposals included requests to end the Three-Fifths Compromise (gave the South overrepresentation in Congress); to bar naturalized citizens from holding office (arising from issue with Democratic-Republicans); and to require two-thirds of both houses of Congress before declaring war, new states, or ban on foreign commerce. • By the time the final demands of the Convention were brought formally to the capital after the war had ended, however, news of the Battle of New Orleans brought American patriotism to an untimely height that made the Federalists’ requests seem unpatriotic. • The Battle of New Orleans was notable because it occurred two weeks after the treaty was signed. • The American victory contributed to a general positivity at the wars end and a proof to Americans of their nation’s power.

7. The untimely correlation of this event with the Hartford Convention, however, would highlight the Federalists unrelenting opposition to the war with a background of the war’s tremendous success. • The Federalists had their last presidential campaign in 1816, in which they lost to Madison’s Democratic-Republican successor James Monroe who won the electoral vote 183 to 34. • The Democratic-Republican Party grew significantly by the next election and Monroe would win all but one electoral vote by someone who believed Washington should be the only president with a unanimous victory (he voted for John Quincy Adams who was not even running, but who would turn out to be Monroe’s secretary of state). This was the official end to the Federalist Party. • The Republican party was the only political party until Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1829

8. James Monroe – 5th President • Democratic-Republican party • Served from1817 to 1825 • Was the last president of the Virginia dynasty (4 of the first 5 Presidents of the U.S were from Virginia) • His presidency is known as "The Era of Good Feelings". It was nicknamed this because Americans were proud that we had won the War of 1812 and President Monroe said that this was reason to be unified as a country.

9. The American people felt that the government needed to focus on boosting the economy. • 3representatives had ideas and plans about how to connect each region and grow the economy. • 1) Henry Clay was a representative from the west. He wanted to connect his region economically to the east by having the government put people to work building infrastructure in the area. Roads and bridges would allow farmers and businessmen in the West get their goods to the East much easier. • 2) John C. Calhoun represented the South. He believed that implementing a tariff would hurt consumers in the South because they would pay too much for goods.3) Daniel Webster represented the North. All of the business and industry( factories) needed the tariff to be able to compete with the Foreign merchants.

10. The government felt that a Second National Bank was necessary for the national economy to grow because it would allow one central place for the government to place its revenue (money). The federal (national) government would be in control of the money supply. • After the war ended, Britain flooded U.S markets with cheap goods and U.S companies couldn’t compete. • The Tariff of 1816, aka the Dallas Tariff, is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S manufactured items from overseas competition. It raised British prices, equalized to U.S prices. • Money made from the tariff paid for internal improvements • The southerners believed it protected the norther industries at the south’s expense.

11. The Missouri Compromise • In 1820, amid growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery, the U.S. Congress passed a law that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while banning slavery from the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands located north of the 36º 30’ parallel. • When the Missouri Territory first applied for statehood in 1818, it was clear that many in the territory wanted to allow slavery in the new state.  • In the North, where abolitionist sentiment was growing, many people opposed the extension of the institution of slavery into new territory, and worried that adding Missouri as a slave state would upset the balance that currently existed between slave and free states in the Union.

12. Pro-slavery Southerners, meanwhile, argued that new states, like the original 13, should be given the freedom to choose whether to permit slavery or not. • Missouri’s bid to become the first state west of the Mississippi River, and to allow slavery within its borders, set off a bitter debate in a Congress. • Rep. James Tallmadge of New York proposed an amendment to the statehood bill that would have eventually ended slavery in Missouri and set the existing enslaved workers there free. The amended bill passed narrowly in the House of Representatives, where Northerners held a slight edge. But in the Senate, where free and slave states had exactly the same number of senators, the pro-slavery faction managed to strike out Tallmadge’s amendment, and the House refused to pass the bill without it.

13. Missouri renewed its application for statehood in late 1819. This time, Speaker of the House Henry Clay proposed that Congress admit Missouri to the Union as a slave state, but at the same time admit Maine (which at the time was part of Massachusetts) as a free state.  • In February 1820, the Senate added a second part to the joint statehood bill: With the exception of Missouri, slavery would be banned in all of the former Louisiana Purchase lands north of an imaginary line drawn at 36º 30’ latitude, which ran along Missouri’s southern border. • On March 3, 1820, the House passed the Senate version of the bill, and President James Monroe signed it into law four days later.

15. The Missouri Compromise, as it was known, would remain in force for just over 30 years before it was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled the compromise unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case, setting the stage for the nation’s final path toward the Civil War.

16. In the decades after 1820, as westward expansion continued, and more of the Louisiana Purchase lands were organized as territories, the question of slavery’s extension continued to divide the nation.  • TheCompromise of 1850, which admitted California to the Union as a free state, required California to send one pro-slavery senator to maintain the balance of power in the Senate. • In 1854, during the organization of Kansas and Nebraska Territories, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois spearheaded the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which mandated that the settlers of each territory should decide the issue of slavery for themselves, a principle known as popular sovereignty.

17. The controversial law effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by allowing slavery in the region north of the 36º 30’ parallel. Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act sparked violence between pro- and anti-slavery settlers in “Bleeding Kansas,” delaying Kansas’ admission to the Union. • Opposition to the act led to the formation of the Republican Party, and the emergence to national prominence of Douglas’s Illinois rival, a formerly obscure lawyer named Abraham Lincoln.

18. Bitter controversy also surrounded the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. • According to Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and six other justices, Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as the Fifth Amendment guaranteed slave owners could not be deprived of their property without due process of law. • The 14th Amendment, passed in 1865 after the conclusion of the Civil War, would later overturn major parts of the Dred Scott decision.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68gi3C0A9Fo

22. The Monroe Doctrine • The MonroeDoctrine was established by President James Monroe. The policy sought to limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere. (The Western Hemisphere includes North America and South America.) • It was actually a part of the president's annual address to Congress,presented on December 2, 1823. Monroe said that the U.S would oppose any European interference with independent nations in the Americas. For example, other countries can’t come to the American continent and interfere with politics or colonize our land. MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823. - 'The Birth of the Monroe Doctrine.' Left to right: John Quincy Adams, William Harris Crawford, William Wirt, President James Monroe, John C. Calhoun, Daniel D. Tompkins, and John McLean. Painting by Clyde O. DeLand.

23. The Doctrine Had 4 Main Points • First, countries of the Western Hemisphere were no longer to be regarded "as subjects for future colonization.” • The second point declared that the political system of these countries was different from those in Europe. They were not European monarchies. They did not have a king or queen. They were republics. • Third, the United States would oppose any attempt by European countries "to extend their system" to the Western Hemisphere. Any such move would pose a threat to the "peace and safety" of the United States. • Fourth, the doctrine pledged that the United States would not interfere with European powers "in matters relating to themselves."

24. Historical Background • Monroe issued the declaration in response to reports from Europe. They said that France wanted to restore Spanish power in the Americas. The Spanish colonies had only recently won their liberty. Mexico, for example, declared its independence in 1821. The revolutions in South America had aroused great sympathy in the United States. • Meanwhile, Spain suffered from internal problems. France sent an army to Spain to subdue a revolution. It had the support of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. There were rumors the French might cross the Atlantic. Would they try to restore the American colonies to Spain?

25. These rumors reached British foreign minister George Canning. The British did not approve of the French march into Spain. They were also opposed to any continental power intruding into the Western Hemisphere. Canning proposed a joint declaration. It would come from the United States and Britain. • President Monroe conferred with his cabinet. He consulted former presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They advised Monroe to accept the British offer. • But Monroe's secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, had a different idea. He urged the president to act independently. By joining with Canning, said Adams, the United States would become "a cockboat in the wake of a British man of war." (A cockboat is a small rowboat.) • Monroe finally sided with Adams. So, his speech laid out the elements of the Monroe Doctrine.

26. Later Influences • Monroe's address was praised in America. But it was ignored in Europe. It received little notice in South America. And it had no effect on foreign policy. • But in 1845, President James K. Polk cited the Monroe Doctrine. He claimed that the United States, rather than Britain, should get the Oregon Territory. Polk also warned European countries not to get involved in disputes between Mexico and the United States. • In the 1860s, French emperor Napoleon III tried to establish a monarchy in Mexico. The United States objected. Secretary of State William H. Seward called for a withdrawal of French troops. He did not name the Monroe Doctrine. But his demand was in keeping with the spirit of the policy. Napoleon III withdrew. The Mexican empire collapsed.

27. In 1895, President Grover Cleveland mentioned the Monroe Doctrine in demanding a settlement to a dispute between Britain and Venezuela. • In the early 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt added a provision to the doctrine. It was called the Roosevelt Corollary. It acknowledged that European intervention in the Americas might sometimes be justified. But it could not be permitted under the Monroe Doctrine. Instead, the United States itself would take action in those situations. The Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify U.S. intervention in Latin American countries.

28. TEDDY ROOSEVELT CARTOON. - 'The Big Stick in the Caribbean Sea.' President Theodore Roosevelt enforcing his concept of the Monroe Doctrine by having a U.S. naval flotilla steam from one Caribbean port to another. Cartoon, 1904, by W.A. Rogers.

29. Modern Interpretation • During the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established a Good Neighbor Policy. It involved a series of treaties. The treaties were with Latin American countries. The treaties said the Monroe Doctrine could be used only if Latin American republics agreed. And it would not be used as an excuse for the United States to interfere in any country's internal affairs. • No U.S. president since then has officially withdrawn the Monroe Doctrine. But it has mostly been unused since the early 1900s. Satirical cartoon in 'Judge': The Monroe doctrine applied to Latin America under certain conditions, January 1903, United States, Washington. Library of Congress • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwvHtkCusHo