Blood, Lymphatic System and Immune System

1. Blood, Lymphatic System and Immune System dr. Sri Lestari Sulistyo Rini, MSc

2. I. Function A. Transport • nutrients • oxygen/carbon dioxide • waste B. Maintaining Homeostasis • hormones C. Protection • immune system II. Composition of blood A. Plasma

4. 91% water • 9% suspended material Proteins: Albumin – most abundant ->water regulation Globulins – transport steroid hormones Fibrinogen – formation of clots B. Formed elements Derived from hemocytoblast stem cells 1. Erythrocytes (RBC) • transports gases • 1/3 volume hemoglobin

7. Production: Erythropoietin from Kidney (liver) Red bone marrow Iron required • RBC cycle 120 days Damaged RBC – liver and spleen Macrophages • Hemoglobin breakdown Heme (iron) globin (protein)

9. Heme Iron Biliverdin Bone marrow Bilirubin – bile pigment liver 2. Leukocytes (WBC) no hemoglobin/has nucleus immune response hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating (CSF)

10. a. Neutrophils • granulocyte • most numerous • phagocytic cells (lysosomes) b. Eosinophils • granulocyte • 1-3% • control inflammatory & allergic response c. Basophils • granulocyte • least common • histamine (inflammatory) / heparin (prevents clots)

11. DARAH • Eritrosit • Leukosit • Granulosit • Neutrofil • Eosinofil • Basofil • Agranulosit • Limfosit • Monosit • Trombosit (platelet)

12. d. Monocytes • agranulocyte • largest WBC • after 3 days -> macrophages • phagocytes with lysosomes • ingests larger objects than Neutrophils e. Lymphocytes • agranulocyte • cells of the immune system • B cells (antibodies) / T cells immune response

13. 3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • fragments of megakaryocytes • hormone: thrombopioetin • blood clotting/ mend blood vessels C. Hemostasis 1. Platelet plug • platelets bind to damaged vessel wall • release chemical for more platelets • platelets release serotonin (constriction) 2. Blood clot • damaged vessel releases Thromboplastin

14. trombosit –- terpapar kolagen  Adhenosin diphospat (ADP) dan tromboxan  trombosit agregrasi di daerah luka

15. Proses pembentukan protombin : jalur instrinsik dan ekstrinsik protombin menjadi trombin trombin mengubah fibrinogen fibrin

16. Retraksi bekuan –- luka menutupPlasminogen  plasmin ---fibrinolisis

19. Thromboplastin w/ platelets & calcium Prothrombin Thrombin • Thrombin acts on fibrinogen (in plasma) fibrin threads • fibrin threads create mesh III Human blood groups A. ABO blood type 1. Antigens (proteins) on RBC 2. Antibodies against other antigens

22. B. Rh blood type 1. Antigens on RBC • Rh positive – has antigens • Rh negative – no antigens 2. Antibodies against Rh • Rh negative individual – antibodies after Rh+ encounter 3. Pregnancy • Rh neg w/Rh+ fetus • blood from fetus -> into mother’s blood • 2nd pregnancy w/Rh+ fetus -> antibodies attack

24. Functions of the Immune System • The function of the immune system • Protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances. • Combining form: • IMMUN/o immune, protected and safe

25. Functions of the Lymphatic System • Three primary functions: • Return excess lymph (interstitial) fluid to the blood. • Absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the cells. • Functions as part of the immune system to defend the body against foreign organisms.

26. Structures of the Immune System • Immune system is not contained with in a single organ or vessel • Immune system depends on structures from • Lymphatic system • Cardiovascular system • Integumentary system

27. Structures of the Lymphatic System • Major structures of the lymphatic system: • Lymph vessels Lymph nodes • Lymph fluid Tonsils • Adenoids Spleen • Thymus Lymphocytes

28. Lymphatic System • Lymph Fluid • intercellular • Lymph Vessels • Lymph Capillaries > Lymph vessels • Right lymphatic duct & Thoracic Duct • Lacteals

29. Lymph Capillaries and Lymph Vessels • Lymph Capillaries: thin walled tubes that carry lymph from the tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels. • Lymphatic Vessels: • Have valves to prevent the backward flow of fluid • Lymph always flows toward the thoracic cavity.

30. Lymph Fluid • Clear, colorless tissue fluid that leaves the capillaries and flows in the tissue spaces between cells. • Lymph fluid brings nutrients and hormones to the cells. • Carries waste products from these tissues • pH 7,00

31. limfe mengalir dari cairan interstitial melalui pembuluh limfe thoracic duct  right lymph duct Berakhir di vena subclavia  limfe masuk dalam darah ductus limphaticus kanan bagian kanan dari thoraks, leher dan kepala, sisanya Ductus thoracicus. Limfe membawa lemak dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak absorbsi dari traktus gastrointestinal

33. Lymph Nodes • 3 functions of the lymph nodes • Produce lymph cells (lymphocytes) • Filter lymph and trap substances from inflammatory and cancerous lesions. • Macrophages: located in lymph nodes can engulf and destroy foreign substances.

34. Lymphatic System • Cervical • Axillary • Inguinal

35. Major Lymph Node Sites • Cervical lymph nodes: located in the neck (CERVIC/o neck) • Axillary lymph nodes: located under the arms. (AXILL/o armpit) • Inguinal lymph nodes: located in the groin area of the lower abdomen. (INGUIN/o groin) • Appendix & Peyer’s patches: specialized lymph nodes located in the intestines.

36. Mucosal NALT BALT GALT RALT *** # *** # *** The secondary lymphoid organs can be sub-divided into the Systemic (***) and Mucosalimmune systems

37. Tonsils and Adenoids • Tonsils and Adenoids: masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.

38. Pharyngeal tonsil

39. Spleen • Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue • Produces lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. • Stores red blood cells • Maintains appropriate balance between cells and plasma in the body

40. Immune System Defense • First Line of Defense • Skin (Intact) free of cuts, scrapes, or open sores. • Skin is a physical barrier to prevent entry of invading organisms

41. Immune System Defense • Respiratory system is also a primary line of defense • foreign matter that is breathed in is trapped by cilia (nose hairs) • mucus secreted continually flushes away foreign matter. • Coughing and sneezing removes matter also.

42. Immune System Defense • Digestive system has a protective function also. • Destroys bacteria and other invaders that are accidentally allowed or consumed with food.

43. Figure 8-42

45. Surface barrier / mucosal immunity - Sekretdarilapisankulit yang asam pH <7,0 - Saliva, air mata, sekrethidung yang mengandunglisozim - Cairanlambung yang asam 0,9< pH > 3,0 danenzimpencerna protein.

47. Antigen-Antibody Reactions • Antigen: any substance such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin that the body regards as foreign. Antigens stimulate the production to antibodies. • Antibodies: is a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of a specific antigen.

48. Antigen – Antibody Reaction • The antigen – antibody reaction is also known as the Immune Reaction. • Binding antigens to antibodies to form antigen antibody complexes that render the toxic antigen harmless.

49. Lymphocytes • Major class of white blood cells that specialize so they can attack specific microorganisms. • 3 types of lymphocytes • Monocytes: • Macrophage • Histocytes

50. Monocytes • Lymphocyte formed in the bone marrow • Transported to other parts of the body • Become macrophages