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DNA Replication and Transcription Process Summary in Protein Synthesis!

Learn the crucial steps of DNA replication, transcription, and translation in protein synthesis through informative videos. Understand how DNA codes are transcribed to mRNA and translated into amino acids to form proteins. Explore the stages of activation, initiation, elongation, and termination in protein synthesis.

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DNA Replication and Transcription Process Summary in Protein Synthesis!

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  1. REPLICATION DNA DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA TRANSLATION amino acids protein ! Transmission of Information • SUMMARY

  2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5vH4Q_tAkY • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1UPf7lXeO8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJdAxuIA6QM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9dhO0iCLww

  3. Transcription • Copies the DNA code to mRNA • DNA unwinds • Only 1 strand is transcribed • Complimentary base pairing of nucleotides C-G G-C T-A A-U • This pairing forms the mRNA • RNA polymerase helps form the new mRNA • initiation signal - “start here” • termination sequence - “stop synthesis”

  4. Transcription Termination sequence mRNA 3’ mRNA 5’

  5. Translation • Translation occurs on the ribosomes • Ribosome spheres dissociate into 2 parts • Each “half” of ribosome is made of... • rRNA • polypetides (enzymes) • 60S unit (larger piece of ribosome) • 40S unit (smaller piece of ribosome)

  6. Translation • Translation occurs on the ribosomes • mRNA is “stretched out” on ribosome • Nucleotides on the mRNA are grouped into 3s to form: “CODONS” • each CODON carries a 3 letter code to translate into an amino acid • “Anticodons” on tRNA will match-up with the codons

  7. 60 S mRNA codons UUG AUG GCU AUG 3’ 5’ Ribosome rRNA rRNA 40 S AUG – School Starts in August

  8. Genetic Code • The Genetic Code • Broken in 1961 by Marshall Nirenberg and coworkers • Made poly-U mRNA and “fed” it to ribosomes • The only peptide made was phenylalanine • Therefore, UUU codes for Phe • Each AA is coded for by a sequence of 3 nucleotides on mRNA = CODON

  9. Translation • 4 STAGES in Protein Synthesis: • Activation • Initiation • Elongation • Termination

  10. activated AA fMET anticodon C A G Activation • Each AA is activated by reacting with an ATP • The activated AA is then attached to particular tRNA... (with the correct anticodon)

  11. Elongation • The new peptide is added on and the whole ribosome “translocates” or moves down one codon. • A new “A site” is available for another AA to add.

  12. Termination • After the last translocation (the last codon is a STOP), no more AA are added. • “Releasing factors” cleave the last AA from the tRNA • The polypeptide is complete

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