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社会学通论 第六讲 全球不平等

社会学通论 第六讲 全球不平等. 主讲：张 晟（ JOHN ）. 电 话： 13008310118 Q Q ： 1670834 办公室：明德楼. Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 美国的阶层化和社会流动. Systems of Stratification 阶层体系  207

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社会学通论 第六讲 全球不平等

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  1. 社会学通论第六讲 全球不平等 主讲：张 晟（JOHN） 电 话：13008310118 Q Q：1670834 办公室：明德楼

  2. Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 美国的阶层化和社会流动 • Systems of Stratification 阶层体系  207 • Ascribed Status先赋地位: social position assigned to person without regard for that person’s unique characteristics or talents不考虑该人的独特性或天赋才能而分配的社会地位 • Achieved Status自致地位: social position attained by person largely through his or her own effort主要是通过他或她自己的努力达到的社会地位

  3. Systems of Stratification 阶层体系  207 Social Classes Class System阶级体系: social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility社会排名主要基于可以影响社会流动性的经济地位 Rossides (1997) uses five-class model to describe U.S. class system: Rossides用五个模板来描述美国的阶层体系 Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 美国的阶层化和社会流动 • Upper class 上层阶级 • Working class 工人阶级 • Upper-middle class上层中产阶级• Lower class下层阶级 • Lower-middle class中低收入阶层

  4. Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 美国的阶层化和社会流动 • Poverty贫穷 • Who Are the Poor?谁是贫民 • Not a static social class不是一个静态的社会阶层 • Explaining Poverty解释贫困 • In Gans’s view, poverty and poor satisfy positive functions for many non poor groups高斯认为，贫困对许多非贫困群体有积极作用

  5. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • The Global Divide 全球区隔  235 • Inequality a significant determinant of human behavior 不平等是人类行为的一个重要因素 • Divides in global wealth emerged as result of Industrial Revolution 在全球财富鸿沟出现由于工业革命

  6. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 Figure 9-1. Fundamental Global Inequality 全球不平等的基本情况 儿童死亡率 农村人口比例 总出生率 疾病率 总人口 耕地 城市人口 收入 二氧化碳排放 健康支出 出口 军费支出 Source:Adapted from Sutcliffe 2005:18

  7. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 http://video.sina.com.cn/p/news/w/v/2012-12-07/134961938159.html

  8. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Stratification in the World System • 世界体系的阶层化  236

  9. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Figure 9-2 Gross National Income per Capita 人均国民生产总值 Sources: Haub 2003; Weeks 2002:22-23.

  10. Chapter 9 Global Inequality全球不平等 • The Legacy of Colonialism 殖民主义的遗产  238 • Colonialism殖民主义: when foreign power maintains of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over people for an extended period当外国势力保持长时间对政治，社会，经济和文化的支配 • Neocolonialism新殖民主义: continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies继续依赖前殖民地工业化国家的管理和技术专长

  11. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • The Legacy of Colonialism殖民主义的遗产 • Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Analysis 伊曼钮尔沃勒斯坦’世界体系分析 • Unequal economic and political relationships in which certain industrialized nations and their global corporations dominate core of the world’s economic system 在某些工业化国家，以及这些国家中占世界经济体系核心的全球企业中的不平等经济和政治关系 Dependency Theory 依赖理论: even as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations即使发展中国家也在促进经济的进步，他们仍然疲弱，屈从于核心国家和核心企业

  12. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • The Legacy of Colonialism殖民主义的遗产 • Globalization全球化: worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas 通过贸易和交流思想而产生的政治，文化，社会运动，和金融市场的全球一体化

  13. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 Figure 9-3 World Systems Analysis at the Beginning of the 21st Century 21世纪初的世界体系分析 Sources: Haub 2003; Weeks 2002:22-23

  14. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Multinational Corporations 多国企业   239 • Commercial organizations headquartered in one country and doing business throughout the world总部设在一个国家做业务遍及全球的商业组织 • Functionalist View 功能论观点 • Through international ties, multinational corporations make nations of the world more interdependent 通过国际关系，跨国公司使世界各国相互依存

  15. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Multinational Corporations多国企业 • Conflict View 冲突论观点 • Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits 跨国公司利用本地工人，以最大限度地提高利润

  16. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 Table 9-1 Multinational Corporations Compared to Nations 各国多国公司比较 Sources: For corporate data, Hjelt 2004; World Bank 2004b:260—261

  17. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Worldwide Poverty 世界性贫穷  241

  18. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Modernization 现代化  242 • Far reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies 长远的发展过程，从传统体制到那些特性为更发达的社会 Modernization Theory现代化定义: functionalist view that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations 功能主义认为，在发展中国家中，现代化和发展将逐步改善人民的生活

  19. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Distribution of Wealth and Income 财富和收入的分布  245 • In at least 26 nations around the world, the most affluent 10 percent of the population receives at least 40 percent of all income 在世界各地至少有26个国家，最富裕的10％的人口获得的所有收入的至少40％ • Women in developing countries find life especially difficult在发展中国家，女性生活特别困难

  20. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Social Mobility 社会流动  246 • Mobility in Industrial Nations国家化国家的流动 • Patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrialized nations:工业化国家中的代际流动的模式 ： • Similarities in ways parent’s positions in stratification systems are transmitted to children 相似之处在于父母分层系统中的位置被传染给孩子 • Mobility opportunities influenced by structural factors, such as labor market changes 流动机会受结构性因素的影响，如劳动力市场变化 • Immigration significant factor shaping a society’s level of intergenerational mobility 移民的重要因素是塑造一个社会的代际流动

  21. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Social Mobility 社会流动  246 • Mobility in developing nations:发展中国家流动 • Macro-level social and economic changes often overshadow micro-level movement from one occupation to another 宏观层面的社会和经济变化往往掩盖了微观层面的运动一个职业到另一个 • Gender Differences and Mobility 性别差异和流动性 • As country develops and modernizes, women’s vital role in food production deteriorates 随着国家的发展和现代化，妇女在食品生产中发挥的重要作用变弱 • Jeopardizes autonomy and material well-being 危害自主权和物质福祉

  22. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 Table 9-2 Three Approaches to Global Inequality 研究全球不平等的三种方法

  23. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • Figure 9-4 Distribution of Income in Nine Nations • 九个国家的收入分布 Source: World Bank 1993 to 2000a/2004:60—62

  24. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 • The Borderlands 中间地带  250 • Maquiladoras: foreign-owned factories where companies that own them do not have to pay taxes or provide benefits to workers 不必缴纳税款或者提供工人福利的外资公司 • Many Mexicans who have come to U.S. send some part of their earnings back, called remittances许多来美国的墨西哥人回送一些部分收入，称为汇款 • Estimated at a minimum of $15 billion a year预计至少$15亿美元的一年 From Mexican point of view, U.S. too often regards Mexico as a reserve pool of cheap labor 从墨西哥的角度来看，美国往往将墨西哥视为廉价劳动力储备池

  25. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等 Figure 10-5 The Borderlands Source: Prepared by author based on Ellingwood 2001; Thompson 2001a2

  26. 社会学概论第六讲 全球不平等

  27. That’s all for today Thank you

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