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14th c.-15th c. P eriod of crisis in Europe c. 1300 Climate change in Europe

14th c.-15th c. P eriod of crisis in Europe c. 1300 Climate change in Europe 1315-17 Widespread famine. 1347-50 Black Plague strikes Europe Bubonic plague - buboes Pneumonic plague 1400 Population of Europe has halved 1720 last outbreak in France. Reactions:

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14th c.-15th c. P eriod of crisis in Europe c. 1300 Climate change in Europe

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  1. 14th c.-15th c. Period of crisis in Europe c. 1300 Climate change in Europe 1315-17 Widespread famine

  2. 1347-50 Black Plague strikes Europe Bubonic plague - buboes Pneumonic plague 1400 Population of Europe has halved 1720 last outbreak in France

  3. Reactions: Panic, breakdown of society Scholars of Paris and the conjunction of 1345 Flagellants Blame of Jews

  4. 1358 French peasants’ rebellion (Jacquerie) 1381 English peasants’ rebellion

  5. 1337-1453 Hundred-Years’ War between England and France

  6. Impact of wars: Mercenaries and standing armies Impact of gunpowder weapons Change in role of nobles at courts Change in taxation practices Helping growth of nationalism

  7. 1453 Solidification of England and France as different nations 1462-1505 Reign of Ivan III (the Great) of Russia, who unites state with capital at Moscow 1492 Last Muslim state in Iberia destroyed. Consolidation of Spain and Portugal as distinct states

  8. Map Link: Europe about 1560: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/europe_ 1560.jpg>

  9. 1300 Osman Gazi sets up principality in Asia Minor By 1451 Ottomans have taken Asia Minor, Bulgaria 1453 Ottomans take Constantinople Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1355: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ byzantine_empire_1355.jpg>

  10. 1517 Ottoman authority recognised at Mecca and Cairo 1534 Ottomans take Baghdad janissaries Istanbul Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>

  11. 1309-77 Papacy at Avignon 1378 Start of Great Schism. Rival popes at Avignon and Rome 1409 Council of Pisa fails to resolve dispute. Now three popes! 1417 End of Great Schism at Council of Constance

  12. Map Link: The Great Schism, 1378-1417: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ great_schism_1378_1417.jpg>

  13. Early 15th c. Invention of oil-based ink and wooden hand press in Flanders 1450 Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1395-1468) and others invent movable metal type Early 16th c. Print shops in Edinburgh and Stockholm

  14. Themes in the explorations and colonisations of the 15th and 16th centuries: Role of Christianity Alexander VI (p. 1492-1503) Might makes right A “smaller” world

  15. Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) Martin Waldseemüller (c. 1470-1522)

  16. Primary Sources: written by people living at time or soon after Secondary Sources: Works of interpretation or analysis written long after the fact Important to read critically, with eyes open for agendas, biases, etc. Applies to both primary and secondary sources, as well as newspapers, TV, web sites, etc

  17. Reading (Primary) Sources • Context • Who wrote this? • Where and when? Was the author an eyewitness? • Why was it written? • To whom is it addressed? Who are they?

  18. Reading (Primary) Sources • Classify Source • What sort of work is it? • What is its purpose (stated or not)? • Is it following a traditional structure or mould?

  19. Reading (Primary) Sources • Understand Source • What are the key words? Meaning? • What is the author’s point? • What evidence is provided? • What assumptions are made? • What values are expressed? • What problems are addressed? Context? • What reaction is expected/hoped for?

  20. Reading (Primary) Sources • Evaluate Source • How typical is the source? • How widely did it circulate? • Does it share views/values/ideas/arguments with others from period? • Can you find other evidence to corroborate your conclusions?

  21. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1342-1400) Canterbury Tales Bureaucrat, diplomat, court poet Spent some time in Italy

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