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Lab Exercise 36

Lab Exercise 36. Anatomy of the Respiratory System. Portland Community College BI 233. Terminology. Pulmonary Ventilation : aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration : The gas exchange between the blood and alveoli

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Lab Exercise 36

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  1. Lab Exercise 36 Anatomy of the Respiratory System Portland Community College BI 233

  2. Terminology • Pulmonary Ventilation: aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs • External Respiration: The gas exchange between the blood and alveoli • Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells • Cellular Respiration: Happens in Mitochondria Metabolic reactions that consume O2 and release CO2 during ATP production

  3. Upper & Lower Respiratory System • Upper Respiratory System • Nose • Pharynx • Lower Respiratory System • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs

  4. Nasal Cavity

  5. Nasal Cavity • The nasal epithelium covering the conchae serves to cleanse, warm and humidify the air • Nasal conchae increase the surface areas for the mucus epithelium • The olfactory epithelium in the upper medial part of the nasal cavity is involved in the sense of smell. • The nasal cavity serves as a resonating chamber as well as an avenue for escaping air.

  6. Nasal Turbinates or Conchae • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells pushes trapped dust toward the back of the throat to be swallowed. .

  7. Sinuses

  8. Pharynx: aka the Throat

  9. Pharynx • Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus • Anatomically divided into 3 sections: • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

  10. Tonsils Pharyngeal tonsils • Tonsils: lymphoid tissue. Palatine tonsils

  11. Larynx: aka Voice Box • Made of 9 pieces of cartilage, the most important are: • Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) • Thyrohyoid membrane • Cricoid Cartilage • Cricothroid ligament • Epiglottis • Arytenoid Cartilage

  12. Inside the Larynx • Vestibular Folds: folds of mucous membranes • Upper folds: false vocal cords • Lower folds: true vocal cords • These attach to the arytenoid cartilages by the vocal ligaments • Glottis: The vocal cords and the space between the folds. • Rima glottis: the space between the vocal folds

  13. Framework of the Larynx

  14. Larynx

  15. Vocal Cords

  16. Glottis: True cords plus slit

  17. Trachea: aka Windpipe • Flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the mediastinum • Composed of three layers • Mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium • Submucosa: connective tissue deep to the mucosa • Adventitia: outermost layer, has C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

  18. Trachea Histology

  19. Trachea Histology

  20. Seromucous Glands (Trachea)

  21. Trachea

  22. Airways Larynx Trachea Right Mainstem Bronchi Left Mainstem Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Carina Secondary Bronchi

  23. Respiratory Tree

  24. Branching of Bronchial Tree Trachea Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal/Respiratory Bronchioles

  25. Bronchi • The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi • Left main stem bronchus • Right main stem bronchus • Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs

  26. Bronchi Bronchioles • Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea • As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur and eventually they become bronchioles • Cartilage support structures change • Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they lack cartilage • Epithelium types change • Amount of smooth muscle increases

  27. Bronchi Histology

  28. Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles • Respiratory Bronchioles : Continued branching leads to the area where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion

  29. Bronchiole Histology Simple columnar epithelium Notice the lack of cartilage

  30. Respiratory BronchiolesAlveolar Ducts Alveolar sacs

  31. Alveolar sacs Alveoli • Alveolar sacs look like clusters of grapes • The “individual grapes” are Alveoli

  32. Alveoli Histology

  33. Type II Pneumocytes are cuboidal and produce surfactant Type 1 Pneumocytes are flattened for gas exchange

  34. Respiratory Membrane • The area where gas exchange between air and blood occurs • It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls (3 layers) • Alveolar epithelium • Fused basal laminae • Capillary epithelium

  35. Respiratory Membrane

  36. Pleura • Pleura is the double-layered sac of serous membrane • Parietal Pleura is the outer layer and is attached to the thoracic walls • Visceral Pleura is the inner layer covering the lung tissue • The layers are only touching, they are not fused together • The potential space is called the pleural cavity • There is serous fluid between the layers which allows them to slide against each other during breathing

  37. Pleural cavity is in between the two layers

  38. Lungs • Apex: the part under the clavicle • Base: the part touching the diaphragm • Costal Surface: the part touching the ribs • Hilus: indentation containing pulmonary and systemic blood vessels • Left Lung has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch • Left upper lobe • Left lower lobe • Right Lung has 3 lobes • Right upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe

  39. Lungs LUL RUL Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Cardiac notch Oblique fissure LLL RML RLL

  40. Lung Lobes

  41. Muscles of Inspiration

  42. Muscles: Inspiration & Expiration

  43. Lab Exercise 37A Respiratory System Physiology Buffers

  44. Inspiration/Expiration • Inspiration: Increase in thoracic cavity size • Inspiratory muscles • External intercostals (lift the rib cage) • Diaphragm (Becomes flat) • Expiration :Decrease in thoracic cavity size • Expiratory muscles • For the most part it is just the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (passive process) • Internal intercostals & abdominal muscles used only for forced expiration

  45. Respiratory Sounds • Bronchial sounds: Air in large passageways • Vesicular breathing sounds: air filling the alveolar sacs • Auscultation: • Throat • Intercostal spaces • Triangle of auscultation • Under the clavicle

  46. Conducting Zone • All respiratory passageways that are not involved in gas exchange • All are mucous lined • From the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles • Aka: Anatomical dead space

  47. Respiratory Zone • Thin walled simple squamous epithelium allows gas exchange with blood • Respiratory Zone Structures • Respiratory bronchioles • Alveolar ducts • Alveolar sacs • Alveoli

  48. Spirometry • Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test • Measures the volume of air inspired or expired as a function of time. • It can measure tidal volume, and vital capacity. • Spirometry may also be used to measure forced expiration rates and volumes and to compute FEV1/FVC ratios

  49. Spirometry • Spirometry cannot access information about absolute lung volumes • It cannot measure the amount of air in the lung but only the amount entering or leaving.

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