Asia Biomass Community

1. Asia Biomass Community Issei Sawa Nov. 21, 2007 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

2. What is the Biomass Energy?? Sustainable energy utilizing renewable natural resources originating from biomass (other than fossil resources like mineral oil, coal, and natural gas). Methane fermentation power generation for Electric Power Biomass Energy Biomass Pellet → Coal Alternative Bio Diesel Fuel (BDF) → Diesel Alternative Bio Ethanol Fuel (BEF) → Gasoline Alternative for Vehicle(Liquid Fuel) Biomass to Liquid (BTL) Biomass origin Dimethyl Ether (DME) / Methanol Direct Biomass Combustion Power Generation Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

3. Advantages of Biomass Energy • Contribution to GHG Emission ReductionZero count on CO2 emission; treated as Carbon Neutral※ as stipulated by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)→ Eligible for CDM Projects, if it is used as substitutes for fossil fuel. • (2) Anti Air-PollutionReduction of SOX (Sulfur Free), SPM (Oxygen), etc. • (3) Energy portfolioLess dependency on the Middle East fossil fuel sources • (4) New Environmental IndustryCatch up with EU and US who are considered as the biomass energy advanced countries, in accordance with the “Biomass Nippon Integrated Strategy” • ※Carbon Neutral…CO2 occurred from burning of biomass doesn't influence on CO2 growth in LCA base, because CO2 is fixed by the photosynthesis of the plant which is the feedstock of biomass energy. Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

4. Industrial Revolution in Biomass Energy (BEF/BDF) Background Now Future Requirement for Sustainable & Environmentally Friendly Energy Establishment of Global Biomass Energy Industry Biomass Energy (BEF / BDF) market being created throughout the world Substantial Rise in Mineral Oil Market Price Policyand Technology Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

5. BEF - Future demand forecast 300 Million kl 280 Technology development in utilization of cellulose biomass 250 200 170 150 Base case 80 100 50 40 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 * Base case is calculated based on Alternative Policy Scenario in IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

6. BDF - Future Demand Forecast 100 Million kl Wide utilization of other non-edible feedstock 80 80 60 50 40 Base case 20 20 5 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 * Base case is calculated based on Alternative Policy Scenario in IEA World Energy Outlook 2006 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

7. Value Chain of Biomass Energy Industry Feedstock Biomass [Plantation /Collection Technology] (60-70% of production cost) 2 priority 3 priority Processing [Conversion Technology] (30-40% oｆ production cost) Market [Usage / Application as Alternative Fuel] (Engine Optimization Technology) 1 priority Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

8. BEF - Value Chain of Biomass Energy Industry Feedstock Processing Market Conventional Feedstock ・Sugar (sugarcane, sugar beet) ・Starch (corn, cassava, wheat) ・ Sugar → Fermentation → D&D※ ・ Starch → Saccharification → Sugar → Fermentation → D&D Gasoline Blend: (1) Usage : Passenger cars (2) Application : ① Anhydrous ETBE, E3, E10, E25,E85 ② Hydrous E100 (FFV in Brazil) Diversification of Feedstock ・Cellulose (soft cellulose, wooden cellulose, waste) ・ Cellulose → Pre-treatment / Saccharification → Sugar → Conversion → D&D ※D&D: Distillation & Dehydration Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

9. BDF - Value Chain of Biomass Energy Industry Feedstock Processing Market Vegetable Oils & Animal Fats ・Laurin Oil (Coconut / PKO) ・Olein Oil (rape / soy / sunflower) ・Palmitin / Stearin Oil (palm, tallow ) ・ Used Frying Oil (UFO) -- waste Methyl Ester Oil(100) + Methanol(10) + Alkalic Catalyst⇒Chemical Reaction → Purification → Distillation ⇒ BDF(90-98) + Glycerine(10) Diesel Blend (1) Usage : Trucks, Passenger cars, Gene-Set, Agri machinery, Mining/Construction Equipment, Boat, Gas-Turbine (2) Application : ・ B5, B10, B20 ・ Higher Blend or B100 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

10. BEF - Technology Development • Market Problems as blend stock for Gasoline = vapour pressure, water, corrosion ⇒ Engine optimization technology to achieve higher blending ratio. • Feedstock (1) Conventional Feedstock = High yield to increase availability & cost competitiveness. (2) Diversification = Soft cellulose, wood, wastes, etc. • Processing (1) Conventional Feedstock = Zeolite Membranes Dehydration System (2) Diversification = Pre-treatment/Saccharification: i) Pre-treatment + Enzyme ii)Hydrothermal iii) Acid (thicken), 1 2 3 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

11. BDF - Technology Development • Market Problems as blend stock for diesel oil = storage stability, CFPP, contamination; ⇒ High Quality BDF & Diesel Blending Technology to achieve wide variety of application & Higher Blending Ratio. • Feedstock (1) Diversification (Rapeseed, Soy → Palm, Jatropha, etc) (2) Higher Yield to increase availability & Cost Competitiveness • Processing • High Quality / Purity BDF, High Yield, Multi-Feedstock (even from CPO) • By-Product (Glycerin etc.) Treatment • Future Possibility: 1) BHD (hydrocracking / isomerization) 2) BTL (FT Diesel) 1 2 3 Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

12. Nature of Feedstock Available Enough ? Stable Supply Co-Existence with Food Economic Viable? High yield & low cost LCA Viable? Contribution to GHG reduction Conversion Technology Technologically mature ? Commercially viable ? Feedstock Selection OK! Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

13. Prospective Direction to Create Biomass Energy Industry • Political Issue • Technical Issue • Regional Alliance in Asia (Supply/Demand) Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

14. Creation of Biomass Energy Industry: Political Issue • Incentives: • Tax incentives: • Exemption of Petroleum Tax • Import Duty • Subsidies: • Subsidies on Agricultural Product • Subsidies on Production Plants Subsidies on Distribution Facilities • Mandatory Introduction: • RFS (Renewable Fuel Standard) Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

15. Creation of Biomass Energy Industry: Technical Issue • Engine Optimization Technology to achieve HigherBlending Ratio • Feedstock Availability / Cost Down: • Improvement of Plantation Technology (High yield etc.) • Processing (Conversion) Technology: • Quality improvement of the product • Cost down • Diversification of variety of Feedstock • Environmental Countermeasure Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

16. Creation of “Asia Biomass Community” • Background: • Need to Encourage Sustainable & Environmental Friendly Energy Industry in Asia. • Existence of Necessary Resources to create value chain of Biomass Energy Industry in Asia. Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

17. Creation of “Asia Biomass Community” • Japan and South East Asia: Sharing their strengths Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

18. Creation of “Asia Biomass Community” • Enhance the Multilateral partnership • Governmental level • Private level Finance Technology Market JPN-SE Asia Joint Projects Feedstock European Market Production North American Market Market Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved

19. Establish the Sustainable System “Asian Model” 1) Energy Plantation (Dedicate to Feed Stock for Biofuel) 2) Bio-refinery 3) Distribution & Usage Energy Plantation Bio-refinery Distribution & Usage • “Contract Farming System” • Improvement of Yield • Mechanized Farming • - Fertilizer Management -Quality Improvement -Environmental Friendly (Less Energy, Low Emission) -Cascade Biomass Usage -Policy (mandate, subsidy) -Quality Control -Storage & Blending Unaffected by Food Market Industrialization Market Creation Improvement of Value Chain & LCA Mitsubishi Corporation All Right Reserved