Peeing is a wonderful thing

1. Peeing is a wonderful thing

2. Acute Hemodialysis Jennifer Stoddard Klenzak, MD Pinehurst Nephrology Associates 5/24/2011

3. Who receives dialysis in the hospital? Acute kidney injury ESRD patients different populations, different needs, different meds, different prescriptions for dialysis

4. What is Acute Kidney Injury? • Decrease in GFR • Relative loss of clearance • And why do we care?

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6. Variables affecting creatinine besides GFR • Malnutrition • Liver disease • Pregnancy • Body habitus • Ethnicity • Vegetarianism • Volume status • Age

8. Stage 3 CKD • 7.6 million Americans • Asymptomatic (the Silent Killer) • Severely increased risk of cardiovascular events and death • These patients are unlikely to live long enough to require dialysis (one in twenty will reach stage 5)

11. Causes of AKI • Acute Tubular Necrosis • Prolonged ischemic injury • Contrast nephropathy • SIRS • “post-operative” AKI • Other derangements of homeostasis leading to toxic or ischemic injury

12. Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome • Release of interleukins, oxidative metabolites • Injury to renal tubular epithelial cells • Decreased perfusion related to hypotension

13. Causes of AKI, cont. • Rhabdomyolysis • Statin-induced • Heat stroke • Muscle injury • “Found down” • Compartment syndrome • Trauma

14. Poisoning/Toxins/Overdose • Aspirin • Antifreeze/Ethylene glycol • Methanol • Hyperuricemia • Tumor Lysis Syndrome

15. Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis • Anca-associated disease • Lupus Nephritis • Goodpasture’s Syndrome (Anti-glomerular basement Antibody Syndrome) • IgA • Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis • Myeloma Kidney • Cast nephropathy

16. Indications for hemodialysis • Volume Overload • Hyperkalemia • Uremia • Encephalopathy • Pericarditis • Metabolic Acidosis • Toxin clearance • Platelet dysfunction

17. Dialysis Prescription • Indication • Hemodynamic status • Chronicity of illness • Comorbidities

18. Case 1 • 52 year old female ESRD, MWF, patient missed Friday treatment. Saturday night presents to the ED with complaints of weakness.

21. What measures could be taken to keep the patient alive until she gets on the machine?

22. What measures could be taken to keep the patient alive until she gets on the machine? • Calcium gluconate • Albuterol • Insulin/D50 • Kayexalate • Lasix? • Bicarbonate

23. What is the most likely complication of this acute dialysis treatment? • How can the dialysis prescription decrease the risk of this event?

24. 79 year old man admitted with AMI. He has advanced chronic kidney disease at baseline. After an emergent cardiac cath, he develops cardiogenic shock and becomes oliguric. • Later that night, he is on bipap, with worsening hypoxemia, and despite high dose diuril and lasix, makes no urine.

25. Is dialysis indicated? Why? • What is the goal of treatment? • What are the expected risks? • Prescription?

26. 26 year old man who presents to the ED with headache and lethargy. He has noticed fatigue, dyspnea with exertion, chest pain, loss of appetite, food aversion, and cold intolerance for approximately one month. • On exam, BP is 228/112, his skin is darkened, conjunctivae are pale, nail beds are pale, heart is regular and bounding, and friction rub is present.

27. Labs • BUN 278 • Creatinine 23.2 • Hgb 7.4 • Renal Ultrasound Normal • UA 3+ protein, 1+ blood

28. Is dialysis indicated? Why? • Is there an expectation of renal recovery? • Potential complications during dialysis? • Prescription?

29. 18 year old female admitted with acute renal failure and hemoptysis. • She receives 1000 mg solumedrol and undergoes renal biopsy.

30. She starts plasmapheresis and dialysis the next morning. • Are there any special considerations for her treatment? Potential life-threatening complications? • Is there an expectation of renal recovery? • Dialysis prescription?

31. 62 year old woman found down at home. Medical history of depression. Otherwise healthy. • Creatinine 3.2 mg/dl • Serum CO2 4 meq/L • Anion gap 24 • Osmolar gap 22

32. Is dialysis indicated? Why? • What other measures should be taken here? • Do we expect renal recovery if she survives?

33. Interdisciplinary Team Approach to AKI • Nephrologist • Diagnosis and management of renal disease • Access management • Interventional radiologists and nephrologists • Vascular surgeons • General surgeons • Nurse • Floor nurse/ICU nurse • Hemodialysis nurse • PD nurse

34. Dietician • Assessment of nutritional needs of patient in acute setting • TPN/TF • Electrolyte replacement • Education of patient and family • Social Worker • Discharge planning • Financial concerns, Disability, Insurance • Pharmacist • Renal dosing, precautions

35. AKI: Role of the Nurse

36. The bedside nurse assessmentthe key ingredient • Blood Pressure • Pulse rate • Orthostasis • Strength • Mental Status • Fever • Oxygen requirements • Access • Bleeding • Vomiting, diarrhea, constipation • Cramping

37. Ongoing assessments are the integral data • How do the bedside assessments affect the management of the patient? • The dialysis prescription? • Access plans?

38. Dialysis Nursing Assessments: with the patient during the riskiest time • Bleeding • Hypotension • Tachyarrhythmias • Seizure • Loss of consciousness • Cramping • Pain • Access assessment

39. AKI Dialysis Nursing Interventions • Fluids • Medications • Changes in Qb • Lytic instillation for catheters • Removing catheters • Stopping treatment • Returning blood

40. AKI Pharmacology • “Nephrotoxic Agents” • NSAIDS • Iodinated Contrast Dye • Gentamicin • IV acyclovir

41. Drugs to avoid in the patient with AKI • Demerol • Gadolinium • Fleets • Metformin/glucophage

42. Proceed with caution • Ace inhibitors, ARBS, DRIs • Spironolactone • K supplementation • Oral acyclovir • LMWH • Coumadin

43. Acute Kidney Injury • Immunosuppressants • Solumedrol/Prednisone • Mycophenylate • Cyclophosphamide • Rituximab • Dosing • Side effects • Toxicity • Indications

44. IVF • When to give? • Compositions • Bicarbonate based solutions • Rhabdomyolysis • Tumor Lysis Syndrome • Metabolic acidosis • Diuretics • Loop diuretics • Thiazides • Acetozolamide • Antihypertensives • Others • Rasburicase • Fomepizole

45. Acute Dialysis: Antibiotics • Antibiotics dosed with dialysis • Vancomycin • Cubicin • Gentamicin • Ceftazidime • Cefazolin

46. Acute Dialysis: ESAs • Epogen, Aranesp, Procrit • Iron Supplementation • Oral vs. IV • To give or not to give in the acute setting? • Pressure from outpatient units to “keep hgb in goal range” at discharge

47. Bone and Mineral Metabolism • Vitamin D3 • Activated Vitamin D • Binders • Calcium-based vs. calcium-free • Calcimimetics (Sensipar) • Calciphylaxis • Thiosulfate • Bisphosphanates

48. Transition to Chronic Setting • Communication between Acute Dialysis Nurse and Outpatient Dialysis Nurse • Crucial for success • What was patient’s diagnosis during hospitalization? • For the outpatient nurse: • How will the hospitalization affect the outpatient dialysis prescription? • If the patient is actively listed for transplant, how does this event affect his/her candidacy?

49. Was the hospitalization related to a complication of outpatient dialysis? • Syncope or stroke • Hypoglycemia • Arrhythmias • Steal syndromes • Infections related to bacteremia • Osteomyelitis • Bacterial endocarditis • Other invasive infections

50. Was the hospitalization related to the way the patient’s outpatient treatments have been going? • No shows • Signing off early • Failure to UF • Intradialytic hypotension • Cramping • Excessive weight gains • Inadequate adjustments in edw • Transportation