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University of Surrey 28 March 20 12

University of Surrey 28 March 20 12. The Kalundborg Symbiosis: What, who, when, how and why? by Jørgen Christensen. The Kalundborg Symbiosis. What ?. Denmark. Denmark. Kalundborg. Copenhagen. THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS. The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg

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University of Surrey 28 March 20 12

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  1. University of Surrey28 March 2012 The Kalundborg Symbiosis: What, who, when, how and why? by Jørgen Christensen Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012

  2. The Kalundborg Symbiosis What? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  3. Denmark Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  4. Denmark Kalundborg Copenhagen Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  5. THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg is a resource and environmental network, consisting of more than thirty bilateral, commercial agreements between a number of industries and the municipality’s utilities company. Jørgen Christensen, August 2010

  6. IND. SYMBIOSIS, DEFINITION What is Industrial Symbiosis? Our definition: Collaboration between different industries for mutual economic and environmental benefit Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  7. INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS The Industrial Symbiosis evolved through more than 35 years • not according to a joint plan • spontaneously, and initially as • quite independent projects • a ”non-project” made by a • ”non-organisation” Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  8. PRINCIPLES Principles for a Symbiosis project: • ”Someone’s waste is another one’s raw material” • Economic and environmental profitability • Agreements between independent partmers • (”across the fence”) Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  9. TYPES OF PROJECTS Three types of synergies (“projects”): Recycling of water: 14 projects Exchange of energy: 7 projects Recycling of waste products: 12 projects Total (as per 2010): 30 projects Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  10. THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS What has been achieved? • Environmental results • Economic results • Social aspects Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  11. ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS • Resource savings. • Examples: • Ground water …………….... 1,9 mill. m3/year • Surface water ……………… 1,0 mill. m3/year • Natural gypsum ……………. 200,000 tonnes/year • Oil ………………………………20,000 tonnes/year • CO2 …………………………. 275,000 tonnes/year • Reduction of emissions to water and air. Jørgen Christensen, Marts 2012

  12. ECONOMIC RESULTS Economic results: (Evaluated in 1998) Total investments in 18 projects: ~ 75 mio. US$ Annual savings: > 15 mio. US$ Total savings until 1998: ~ 160 mio. US$ Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  13. SOCIAL ASPECTS Examples of spin-off effects: • Establishing of the Industrial Development Board • of the Kalundborg Region • Increased collaboration between neighbour • municipalities in the region • Collaboration in other issues, (safety, • training, human resources) • The principle has inspired to projects elsewhere • in the world Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  14. The Kalundborg Symbiosis Who? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  15. THE SYMBIOSIS PARTNERS A number of industries in and around Kalundborg work together in more than 30 different projects. 9 of these partners (incl. the municipality) are also partners in the Kalundborg Symbiosis. Jørgen Christensen, August 2011

  16. Gyproc A/S Production of plaster boards. 165 employees Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  17. The Asnæs Power Station Production of electricity and heat 120 employees Denmark’s largest power station Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  18. The Statoil Refinery Production of petrol and other oil-based products 350 employees Denmark’s largest oil refinery. Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  19. Kalundborg Municipality 50,000 inhabitants. Through Kalundborg Utilities: Supply of water and heat, treatment of waste water The Church of Our Lady Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  20. Kalundborg Utilities Kalundborg Waste Water Treatment Plant Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  21. NOVO NORDISK A/S Production of insulin a. o. pharmaceutical products Altogether 3,300 employees NOVOZYMES A/S Production of industrial enzymes Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  22. RGS 90 Cleaning of oil polluted soil 65 employees Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  23. KARA/NOVEREN Waste handling company, owned by 9 municipalities. Kara/Noveren handles 350.000 tonnes of waste per year, recycling 82% Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  24. Kalundborg Symbiosis Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  25. The Kalundborg Symbiosis When? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  26. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT Tissø water Gas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | | | 1960 ´1970 1980 2000 2010 1990 The name ”Industrial Symbiosis” is introduced The Symbiosís Institute is established Jørgen Christensen, December 2010

  27. TOTAL SYMBIOSIS SYSTEM 2010 19 Sludge RGS 90 A/S Waste water treatment Farms The Municipality of Kalundborg 1998 Lake Tissø 1Surface water 1961 29 Straw Purifica-tion of water 17 Waste water 1995 3 Surfacewater 1973 7 Heat 1981 24 Alko- holic Residue 2006 Inbicon 27Steam 2009 28 Bioethanol 22 Water 2004 25 Seawater 2007 10 Surface water1987 30 Condensate 2009 9Steam1982 Novozymes Novo Nordisk Asnæs Power Station (DONG Energy) 11Cooling water 1987 Statoil Refinery 8 Steam 1982 15Gas1992 14 Tech.water 1991 13 Sulphur 1990 Fertilizer 2001 6 Heat 1980/89 Re-use basin Fish farm 4 Biomass/ NovoGro 1976 12 Yeast slurry 1989 Fertilizer industry 20 Fly Ash 1999 5 Fly ash 1979 18 Drain water 1995 2 Gas 1972 21Deionized water2002 Nordisk Aluminate 16Gypsum 1993 Cement industry Gyproc Recovery of nickel and vanadium Pig farms 26 Al- w/w 2008 Farms 23 Waste gypsum The Symbiosis Institute 1996 AluScan Kara/Noveren

  28. The Kalundborg Symbiosis How? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  29. How did the symbiosis develop? • Spontaneously • A “non-project” made by a “non-organization” • Not invented, but evolved through 3 decades • Not by one person, but by many • Projects were initiated independently • The name “Industrial Symbiosis” was not • introduced until 1989 • After that, the “symbiotic consciousness” spread Jørgen Christensen, August 2010

  30. The Kalundborg Symbiosis Why? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  31. WHY KALUNDBORG? Why did it evolve at Kalundborg? • The industrial potential existed: • Several large industries (diversity) • Limited physical distances • ”A good fit” • The economic incentive existed • There were no legal barriers • The communication was good Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  32. WHY GOOD COMMUNICATION? • The size of the community • Managers already acquainted • - many in the same Rotary club • No competitors involved • Open management style (not secretive) • One project (steam) involved 4 partners Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  33. IMPORTANT FACTORS • Participants must fit, but be different. • Projects voluntary plus environmentally • and commercially attractive • Short physical distance between the participants • Short mental distance between the participants • Communication is more important than • technology. Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  34. KALUNDBORG AS A MODEL Kalundborg has been used as a model for other IS projects • You may consider two different situations: • An existing industrial area • A new area (“Eco-industrial park”) • Different approaches are needed in these • two situations. Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  35. SYMBIOSES IN OTHER COUNTRIES After a very slow start with many failures Industrial symbiosis now develops in many countries. Here are some examples: • Europoort in Rotterdam, initiated 1994 • Puerto Rico, ~2002 • China, numerous “Eco-industrial parks”, 2001 onw. • Korea, numerous “Eco-industrial parks” • Devens, Massachusetts, USA • NISP, United Kingdom, 2005 onw. Jørgen Christensen, August 2010

  36. THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS What is needed to implement, successfully, symbiosis among private industries? • Awareness • Willingness • Feasibility Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  37. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Industrial Symbiosis may be used as a tool in regional development Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  38. The Kalundborg Symbiosis … and then? Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  39. The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg • Society (municipality and region) now shows increasinginterest: • Cluster Biofuels Denmark • Kalundborg Symbiosis (secretariat) • Regional Symbiosis Center Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  40. THE FUTURE • A number of synergyprojectsarepresentlyunderway in the Kalundborg and the Regional Symbiosis: • 2 projects re.biogas • 3 ” re. bio-oil • 4 ” waste water • 1 project re. food production Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  41. THE BARRIERS • A number of potential barriers to IS: • Technological • Legal • Lack of communication • Mental distance • Secrecy • Interdependance • Generation change Jørgen Christensen, March 2012

  42. Lessons to be learned from Kalundborg • A spontaneously developed network • A bottom-up, not a top-down phenomenon • Economy was the initial incentive, • - environmental idealism came later • Communication is more important than technology. Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  43. THE MAIN MESSAGE: Communication is more important than technology! Jørgen Christensen, August 2010

  44. REMEMBER: Systems make it possible, - but people make it happen! Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

  45. THE INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS THE END - not of the Industrial Symbiosis, but of this presentation! Jørgen Christensen, December 2009

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