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It Blows You Away

It Blows You Away. "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind , down into the sea's waves". Introduction. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development of any society

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It Blows You Away

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  1. It Blows You Away

  2. "Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings of the energy world for ever. It is no longer folly to look up to the sun and wind, down into the sea's waves"

  3. Introduction

  4. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development of any society • The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing • So renewables are expected to play a key role • Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable • Wind turbines are up to the task of producing serious amounts of electricity

  5. Principles

  6. Uneven heating of earth’s surface and rotation

  7. Beaufort Scale

  8. Velocity with Height

  9. Power vs. Velocity

  10. Lift and drag forces

  11. Solidity and Tip speed ratio

  12. Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

  13. Potential

  14. Huge potential exists • Available potential can contribute five times the world energy demand • 0.4% contribution to total energy

  15. Wind is currently the world’s fastest growing energy source

  16. Growth of Wind Energy MW Installed Year

  17. Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003

  18. Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

  19. Available potential in India

  20. Wind Power Density of India

  21. All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

  22. State wise potential in India, 2005

  23. Technology

  24. Turbine Evolution • Used for • Pumping water • Grinding grain • Mainly used for • Generating Electricity

  25. Types of turbines VAWT • Drag is the main force • Nacelle is placed at the bottom • Yaw mechanism is not required • Lower starting torque • Difficulty in mounting the turbine • Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

  26. HAWT • Lift is the main force • Much lower cyclic stresses • 95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs • Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower • Yaw mechanism is required

  27. Two types of HAWT DOWNWIND TURBINE UPWIND TURBINE

  28. Counter Rotating HAWT • Increase the rotation speed • Rear one is smaller and stalls at high wind speeds • Operates for wider range of wind speeds

  29. Offshore turbines • More wind speeds • Less noise pollution • Less visual impact • Difficult to install and maintain • Energy losses due long distance transport

  30. A Typical HAWT

  31. Turbine design and construction • Blades • Material used • Typical length • Tower height • Heights twice the blade length are found economical

  32. Number of blades • Three blade HAWT are most efficient • Two blade turbines don’t require a hub • As the number increases; noise, wear and cost increase and efficiency decreases • Multiple blade turbines are generally used for water pumping purposes

  33. Rotational control • Maintenance • Noise reduction • Centripetal force reduction • Mechanisms • Stalling • Furling

  34. Yaw Mechanism • To turn the turbine against the wind • Yaw error and fatigue loads • Uses electric motors and gear boxes • Wind turbine safety • Sensors – controlling vibrations • Over speed protection • Aero dynamic braking • Mechanical braking

  35. Improvements • Concentrators

  36. Future Wind Turbines Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

  37. Disc type wind turbine • Much more efficient than HAWT • Requires less height • Low noise • Works in any wind direction

  38. Economics

  39. Determining Factors • Wind Speed • Turbine design and construction • Rated capacity of the turbine • Exact Location • Improvements in turbine design • Capital

  40. Wind Speed Matters Assuming the same size project, the better the wind resource, the lower the cost.

  41. Size Matters Assuming the same wind speed of 8.08 m/s, a large wind farm is more economical

  42. Overall cost distribution

  43. Break down of capital cost

  44. Energy Cost Trend 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: 4 - 6 cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements 2004: 3 – 4.5 cents/kWh

  45. Typical cost statistics • Size: 51 MW • Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour • Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW) • Annual production: 150 million kW-hr • Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents • Payback period: 20 years

  46. Economic Advantages

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