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Processing of Petroleum

Processing of Petroleum. April 2006. Basics. Hydrocarbon Mixture Properties Physical Chemical Changes Physical chemical. Crude – Homogeneous Mixture. Crude Oil. Homogeneous Mixture of Hydrocarbons Petroleum gas 1 to 4 carbon atoms Naphtha or Ligroin 5 to 9 carbon atom

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Processing of Petroleum

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  1. Processing of Petroleum April 2006

  2. Basics • Hydrocarbon • Mixture • Properties • Physical • Chemical • Changes • Physical • chemical

  3. Crude – Homogeneous Mixture

  4. Crude Oil • Homogeneous Mixture of Hydrocarbons • Petroleum gas 1 to 4 carbon atoms • Naphtha or Ligroin 5 to 9 carbon atom • Gasoline 5 to 12 carbon atoms • Kerosene 10 to 18 carbons • Gas oil or Diesel 12 or more carbon atoms • Lubricating oil 20 to 50 carbon atoms • Fuel oil 20 to 70 carbon atoms • Residuals 70 or more carbon atoms

  5. End uses of one barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil

  6. Oil Refining • Crude Oil • Fractional Distillation • Chemical Processing • Treating and Blending

  7. Fractional Distillationhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm • Heat • Boils to vapor • Vapor enters column • Vapor rises and cools • Condenses • Collection separates

  8. Chemical Processing • Cracking • Unification • Alteration

  9. Cracking • Break large molecule into smaller molecules

  10. Unification • Combine small molecule into larger molecules

  11. Alteration • Rearrange atoms in molecule

  12. Octane Rating • How much can you compress the fuel before it spontaneously ignites? Length of carbon chain Arrangement of carbons in the carbon chain

  13. Octane • 18 structural isomers • Iso-octane • N-octane

  14. Octane Rating

  15. Chemical Processing • Cracking • Unification • Alteration

  16. Treating and Blending • Remove impurities • Blend to make products • Gasoline of various grades • Lubricating oils • Kerosene • Jet fuel • Heating oil • Chemicals for making plastics and other polymers

  17. Advantages/Disadvantages??

  18. Combustion of Hydrocarbons results in products • Carbon monoxide • Unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons • Water • Carbon dioxide • Contaminants

  19. Oxygenated Fuels Additives with oxygen-containing compounds MTBE Ethanol

  20. Reformulated Gasolines • Lower percentage of “small” hydrocarbons with lower boiling points.

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