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The Research Process

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The Research Process

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    1. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 1 The Research Process

    2. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 2 Data Analysis - Issues What is data analysis?

    3. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 3 The Data Analysis Process

    4. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 4 Data Analysis - Types Purpose of Study Exploratory; Test of Differences; Establishing Relationships

    5. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 5 Purpose of Study - Exploratory Basically to address the issue of “What is the current situation – vis-ŕ-vis the phenomenon of interest?” Example: What is the current level of innovation of Malaysian Companies? What is the preferences of Malaysian consumers of organic food? What percentage of the Malaysian consumers will use internet banking? Etc…..

    6. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 6 Purpose of Study – Test of Differences To address the question of “Is there a difference between Type A and Type B in terms the phenomenon of interest, Y?” Example: Are companies in the electronics sector more innovative than companies in the food sector? Are consumers in the professional line more likely to use internet banking compared to those in other occupation? Is the preference for organic food higher for urban consumers compared to consumers living in the rural areas?

    7. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 7 Purpose of Study – Establishing Relationships To address the question of “Is there a relationship between phenomenon X with phenomenon, Y?” Example: The larger the company, the more innovative it is? The more business a company undertakes the more likely is the company to use internet banking? The more the consumer believe that organic food is good for the health, the more likely he/she is to consume organic food. The more secure is internet banking, the more user-friendly is the system, and the easier to access the system, the more likely a company is to use internet banking.

    8. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 8 Number of Variables - Univariate Analysis involves only one variable Exploratory studies typically involve univariate analysis Example: What is the current level of innovation of Malaysian Companies? What is the preferences of Malaysian consumers of organic food? What percentage of the Malaysian consumers will use internet banking?

    9. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 9 Number of Variables - Bivariate Analysis involves two variables Test of differences involves two variables Establishing relationships may involve bivariate analysis (correlation) Example: Are companies in the electronics sector more innovative than companies in the food sector? – sector & level of innovation The more business a company undertakes the more likely is the company to use internet banking? – size (in terms of business transactions) & likelihood of using internet banking

    10. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 10 Number of Variables - Multivariate Analysis involves three or more variables Analysis typical when trying to establish relationships Example: The more secure is internet banking, the more user-friendly is the system, and the easier to access the system, the more likely a company is to use internet banking. – security, user-friendliness, ease of access, and likelihood of using internet banking

    11. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 11 Data Types – Levels of Measurement Purpose of Study Exploratory; Test of Differences; Establishing Relationships

    12. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 12 Data Types - Levels of Measurements

    13. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 13 Nominal Scale

    14. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 14 Ordinal Scale

    15. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 15 Interval Scale

    16. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 16 Ratio Scale

    17. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 17 The Right Technique? Research Question Concern for Central Tendency; Comparing groups; Relationships

    18. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 18 The Right Technique? What is the purpose of the analysis?

    19. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 19 Descriptive Analysis Purpose: To describe the distribution of the variables of interest Answers the question of “What is ...?”

    20. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 20 Test of Differences Purpose: To evaluate the differences between 2 or more groups with respect to a variable of interest

    21. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 21 Test of Differences

    22. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 22 Relationship Purpose: To establish relationship between variables

    23. Muhamad Jantan: mjantan@usm.my Introduction to Data Analysis 23 Dependence Relationships

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