Urban Places and Population

1. Urban Places and Population GEOIC20F

2. What is Demography? • Demography is the study of population numbers, distribution, trends and issues. • The population growth of a country is made up of two numbers: • Natural Increase • Net Migration

3. Natural Increase • Natural Increase is made up of two things: • Birth rate • Death Rate • Birth Rate: the number of births per 1000 people in a given country. • Calculation: number of total births total population • Example: 156,700 = 0.0049365 31,743,000 0.0049365 x 1000 = 4.94 (5) X 1000

4. Natural Increase • Death Rate: the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given country. • Calculation: number of total deathsX 1000 total population • Example: 46,871 = 0.0014766 31,743,000 0.0014766 x 1000 = 1.47 (1.5)

5. Natural Increase • Natural Increase Rate: the difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country. • Calculation: birth rate - death rate • Example: 5 – 1.5 = 3.5

6. Implications • Why is it important to divide the total number of births or deaths by the total population? • The numbers may be deceiving if you don’t know how big the population of the country is. • For example, on page 163 it looks as if Russia has the highest birth rate, however they also have the highest population. • Togo has the highest birth rate because they have the lowest population.

7. Net Migration • Migration: The movement of people into or out of a country. This movement is permanent. (Immigration is the movement into a country and emigration is the movement out of a country.) • Immigration Rate: the number of new Canadians who have immigrated here from another country, per 1000 people in Canada’s population. • Calculation: number of total immigrants X 1000 total population • Example: 234,860 = 0.0074 31,743,000 0.0074 x 1000 = 7.4 (7.5)

8. Net Migration • Emigration Rate: the number of people, per 1000 people in Canada’s population that emigrate from here or leave the country permanently. • Calculation: number of total emigrants X 1000 total population • Example: 6780 = 0.0002135 31,743,000 0.0002135 x 1000 = 0.2

9. Net Migration • Net Migration Rate: the difference between the people who immigrate to a country and are emigrating from the same country. • Calculation: Immigration rate–Emigration rate • Example: 7.4 – 0.2 = 7.2

10. Population Growth Rate • Population growth rate: measurement that combines both natural increase and net migration to calculate the overall growth of a country’s population. • Calculation: natural increase + net migration • Example: 3.5 + 7.3 = 10.8

11. Canadian Calculations • Canadian population: 34,030,589 • Births: 349,834 • Deaths: 271,564 • Immigrants: 280,681 • Emigrants: 85,076

12. Canada’s Growth Rate • Birth Rate: 10.3 • Death Rate: 8.0 • Natural Increase Rate: 2.3 • Immigration Rate: 8.2 • Emigration Rate: 2.5 • Net Migration Rate: 5.7 • Population Growth Rate: 8.0

13. Implications • What are the implications for a country that has a low population growth rate? • A negative population growth rate means that a country’s population is shrinking. • There will be a shortage of workers. • Shortage of workers will make it difficult for all of the needs of the nation • Business professionals • Healthcare professionals • Educators • There may not be enough trained professionals to give citizens the services they need

14. Implications • What are the implications for a country that has a high population growth rate. • Shortage of jobs could lead to high unemployment rates. • Not enough housing for people. (Housing may be inadequate) • May not be enough professionals to provide services to the large number of individuals living there. (healthcare, education)

15. Population Pyramids • What similarities do you see between the two population pyramids? • What differences do you see?

16. Population Pyramids • Why might these differences between the pyramids exist?

17. Population Changes • What are some of the concerns for a country that has a very young population. • Having enough schools to educate all of the young people. • Providing enough housing for families. • What are some of the concerns for a country that has a very old population. • Health care for elderly individuals. • Providing retirement incomes • Building retirement homes and leisure activities

18. Rural and Urban Populations

19. Threshold Population • Number of customers needed to make a business profitable or to allow a service to be offered. • Certain services will not be offered in smaller towns due to the fact that they will not make enough money.

20. Low/High Order Good or Service. • Low-Order Good or Service: A product or service that is purchased frequently. • A low order good or service has a small threshold population. • This means that it will still be offered in a place that has a small population. • Example: post office (all people need to get mail) • High Order Good or Service: A product or service that is purchased or used infrequently. • A high order good or service has a large threshold population. • Services like this will only be offered in places that have high populations. • Example: Universities (requires a lot of students to attend)

21. Basic/Non-Basic Industries • Basic Industry: An industry that brings money into the community. • Example: Hotels • Non-Basic Industries: An industry that sells its products within the community, therefore does not bring money into the community. • Example: Grocery store

22. Rural and Urban Settlements • Rural Settlements: permanent settlements of people in places that are well removed from large urban centers. • These settlements have relatively small populations. • Urban: Towns (1000) and cities of (10000) people or more. • High populations • Higher population density

23. Urban Living vs. Rural Living Benefits of Urban Living • More job possibilities • More entertainment options (malls, movie theatres etc) • Equipped with more modern amenities (more advanced technologies) • More economically advantaged. Benefits of Rural Living • Less crowded, more space for children and pets to play outside. • Less pollution • Slower pace, more relaxed lifestyle.

24. RAFT Activity • Take on the perspective of one of the following: • An individual moving from the city to a small town. • An individual moving from a small town to a city. • Decide the attitude of your individual • Do they like their new living situation or not? • Use the benefits of rural and urban living to write an account from your adopted perspective. • R: Role (who are you?) • A:Audience (who are you writing to? • F:Form (what are you writing) • T: Topic (what are you writing about?)

25. Creation of Cities • Cities are not simply built for no reason. • Cities pop up in certain locations because there is something about that area that appeals to individuals. • Brainstorm some possible reasons for the creation of a city.

26. Industrial Cities • Cities created around a manufacturing plant. • Individuals working at the plant bring their families with them. • Houses, schools, grocery stores etc. need to be built in order to support these people. • Example: Detroit “The motor city” was built in order to support the automotive industry.

27. Transportation Hubs • Cities established because the provide important transportation functions. • Provides a connection along major highways or railways. • Ports used for importing and exporting materials. • Trade centers

28. Tourist Cities • Cities that develop due to a popular attraction being visited by many individuals from surrounding areas. • The quantity of these cities have increased in the past 50 years due to the development of convenient travel methods. (cars and planes) • Example: Orlando Florida (Disney World), Banff

29. Service Centers • A city that provides a service to the surrounding area. • Services may include government, military, education or religious. • Example: • Ottawa attracts people due to the fact that it is the capital of Canada. • People may move to a particular city because it has a university.

30. Resource Based Communities • Cities that are initially born due to the presence of a particular resource. • Forests, minerals • Individuals who move to extract the resource will bring their families. • Houses, schools, grocery stores need to be built in order to support these people. • Example: Thompson exists because of its nickel and copper mines. • The danger with these cities it that the resource may eventually run out. • This could result in the town becoming abandoned.

31. Urbanization • Observe the chart on page 209 of the textbook. • What do you notice about this chart? • In 1867, 82% of Canadians lived in rural areas. In 2003, 80% of Canadians live in urban centers. • Why do you think this is the case?

32. Urbanization • Urbanization: the process of changing from rural to urban. • Read page 208 of your textbook and identify 4 reasons why urbanization occurred.

33. Great Cities of the World • Megacity: A megacity is any city with a minimum of 10 million inhabitants. The first city with over 5 million people was London England in 1900. • Today there are 19 cities with over 10 million people. • Can you name them? • As you read the names of the megacities observe where the cities are located. • What observations can you make?

34. Megacities • Dhaka (Bangladesh) 12.3 • Karachi (Pakistan) 11.8 • Delhi (India) 11.7 • Jakarta (Indonesia) 11 • Osaka (Japan) 11 • Manila (Philippines) 10.9 • Beijing (China) 10.8 • Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 10.6 • Cairo (Egypt) 10.6 • Tokyo (Japan) 26.4 • Mexico City 18.1 • Mumbai (India) 18.1 • Sao Paulo (Brazil) 17.8 • New York 16.6 • Lagos (Nigeria) 13.4 • Los Angeles 13.1 • Kolkata (India) 12.9 • Shanghai (China) 12.9 • Buenos Aires (Argentina) 12.9

35. Problems in Megacities • Insufficient civil society participation • Inadequate education services • Air Pollution • Violence/Crime • Discrimination • Traffic congestion • Poor Health services • Unemployment • Insufficient waste disposal • Poverty • Inadequate housing • Insufficient solid waste collection • Inadequate water sanitation facilities • Inadequate public transportation

36. Winnipeg’s Problems • Consider the list on the previous page. • Rank the items on this list from most to least severe as they pertain to Winnipeg. • Consider the top three problems and how you would go about fixing them.

37. Land Use Patterns • In order to meet the needs of all individuals, cities must be equipped with factories, offices, houses, apartments, roads, stores, parks and much more. • All of these features fall into one of six categories:

38. Transportation Land Use • Made up of three different parts: vehicles, travel paths and terminal facilities. • Vehicles: automobiles provide fast transportation but the high number of them congests the streets. • Mass transit systems (subways, buses, rail-lines) are expensive to build but more efficient for transporting people. • Travel Paths: • Expressways: carry large amounts of traffic quickly over great distances. • Arterial Roads: major roads within a city. Typically the industrial and commercial developments are along these roads. • Local Roads: carry people from their the arterial roads to their houses. • Terminal Facilities: parking lots, bus terminals, airports. • Transportation accounts for 32% of a city’s area.

39. Commercial Land Use • Activities include the buying and selling of goods and services. • Retail businesses, financial establishments • Items offered in each city depends on the threshold population. • Even the smallest town will have a convenient store that sells bread and milk • Only bigger cities will have clothing stores, entertainment stores etc. • Commercial land use accounts for only 5% of a city’s area.

40. Industrial Land Use • Industrial Land Use includes factories, warehouses (storage), and shipping products. • Industrial facilities are typically located in suburbs or on the outskirts of town as to not disturb the population with noise or pollution. • The fact that most industrial facilities require large quantities of water results in them being built along major waterways as well. • This was more important in the past before pipelines could be built to supply water from further away. • Industrial Land Use accounts for 6% or a city’s area.

41. Institutional and Public Buildings • Includes schools, government offices, hospitals and religious buildings. • Accounts for 10% of city space. Open Space and Recreational Land • Land that has been left in its original state. • Forests, cemeteries • Land that is used strictly for recreation. • Parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers, arenas. • Accounts for 7% of city space.

42. Residential Land Use • Includes all of the places that people live. • Residential Density refers to the number of housing units per hectare. • Two factors influence residential density: • Cost of land: where land costs are high (downtown), large apartments are built to offset the high cost. Where cost are low (outskirts), large houses can be built. • Age of the neighbourhood: older areas built before WWII are much denser because few people needed driveways or garages for vehicles. • Residential Areas account for approximately 40% of city space.

43. Design your own city! • Using the information you have just been given, design your own city. • Ensure that all of the land uses are represented in your city. • Ensure that the percentage of area occupied by each land use is close to the numbers you have in your notes. • Use pages 220-230 in your textbook to get additional information on the uses of land.