Greek I

1. Greek I Introduction to Verbs (Chapter 15)

2. Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and 3:6 • 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\ • 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

3. Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and 3:6 • 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\ • 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

4. Overview of this Lesson • In this lesson we will learn: • the basic grammar of English verbs; • the meanings of such terminology as agreement, person, number, tense, time, voice, mood; • the main components of the Greek verb: stem, connecting vowel, and personal ending; • the concept of “aspect” and its significance for a proper understanding of the Greek verb.

5. English Grammar • Verb – a word that describes action or state of being. • I am studying Greek. • Greek is the language of the New Testament. • Person • First (I, we) • Second (you) • Third (he, she, it, they) • Number – either singular or plural • I am the teacher. • You are the students. • Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. • Time – when the action takes place (past, present, future)

6. English Grammar • Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of the action and the form of the word. • I study – present tense • I will study – future tense • I studied – past tense Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the speaker/writer, not the reader. • Aspect: What is the difference between: • I studied last night. • I was studying last night. • The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus continuous.

7. Aspect and time English Grammar

8. English Grammar • Voice – refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb. • Active – the subject does the action of the verb. • Bill hit the ball. • Passive – the subject receives the action of the verb. • Bill was hit by the ball.

9. Greek Grammar • Agreement – Just as in English, Greek verbs must agree with their subjects in person and number. Personal endings distinguish these various verb forms.

10. Greek Grammar • In Greek, Tense has two components: • The time of the action (past, present, or future) • The kind of action. This is called aspect, and is the more dominant feature in Greek tense. • Continuous means that the action of the verb is thought of as an ongoing process. • Undefined aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as a simple event, without further comment about the kind of action. • Voice – there are 3 in Greek: • Active • I eat. • Passive • I am being eaten. • Middle – no English equivalent; will discuss more in chapter 25.

11. Main Components of the Greek Verb • Stem carries the basic meaning. • Connecting vowel aids in pronunciation. • Personal endings reveal person and number. • How you would parse the verb above: • Tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical form, meaning. • Present, active, indicative, first person plural, from lu,w, meaning “I loose.”

12. Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Straight • Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person. • Nouns • Case, gender, number • Verbs • Tense, voice, mood, person and number

13. For Next Week • No vocab from chapter 15, no vocab quiz next week. This is a good week to catch up. • Do Review #3 as follows: • Go through and answer all the ones you can without looking back at the book. • Then look at the book for help on the ones that you need to. • Read through the passage from 1 John. You need not write out the translation. See how much you can translate as you read. • Read chapter 16 on Present Active Indicative, pp. 129-137.