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Animal Structure

This chapter explores the study of the structure and function of organisms, including the levels of structural organization, major tissue types, and organ systems. Topics discussed include epithelial tissues, exocrine and endocrine glands, membranes, and classification of epithelia.

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Animal Structure

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  1. Animal Structure & Function Chapter 40

  2. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs

  3. DNA molecule carbon atom organelle cell tissue biosphere ecosystem organ organ system community organism population Levels of Sturctural Organization

  4. Tissues Major Tissue Types Tissues are groups of cells with a common function. • Epithelial Tissue • Connective Tissue • Muscle Tissue • Nervous Tissue

  5. Epithelial Tissues • Epithelia comes in 2 forms: • Glandular epithelia • Membranous epithelia • Functions: • Protection • Absorption • Filtration • Excretion • Secretion • Sensory reception

  6. Exocrine Glands • Ducted glands • Most havesupportive connective tissue, secretory unit, blood supply, nerves • Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary, sebaceous, mammary glands Merocrine gland

  7. Exocrine Gland Goblet cells

  8. Endocrine Gland • Secretes product directly directly in blood • Pituitary • Hypothalamus • Thyroid • Adrenal • Pancreas • Thymus • Pineal

  9. Membranes Mucous

  10. Membranes Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera Parietal pericardium Serous fluid Visceral pericardium

  11. Membranes Cutaneous

  12. Membranes Synovial

  13. Classification of Epithelia

  14. Epithelial Tissues • Simple Squamous Epithelium • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • Simple Columnar Epithelium • Stratified Epithelium • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Transitional Epithelium

  15. Tissues

  16. Simple Squamous Epithelium Function: gas exchange in lungs Location: lines blood vessels, lymph vessels and various membranes within the thorax and abdomen

  17. Simple Squamous Cells Frog skin

  18. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function: secretion and absorption Location: kidney tubules

  19. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Mammalian kidney

  20. Simple Columnar Epithelium Function: protection, secretion and absorption (associated w/goblet cells-exocrine) Location: lines uterus and digestive tract

  21. Simple Columnar Epithelium 1. Smooth muscle (long. layer) 2. Smooth muscle (circ. layer) 3. Simple columnar epithelium 4. Goblet cell 5. Lumen of the intestine Cross section of small intestine

  22. Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function: protects underlying cells from harmful env. effects Location: covers skin, lines mouth and throat, vagina, and anal canal

  23. Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Lumen of the esophagus 3. Connective tissue Cross section of esophagus

  24. cornified layer of dead cells stratified squamous epithelium Epidermis of the Skin

  25. goblet cell Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Function: secretion and propulsion of mucus Location: lines respiratory and reproductive system

  26. Stratified Columnar Epithelium Function: protection and secretion Location: rare in body, small amount in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

  27. Transitional Epithelium Function: stretches Location: lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra

  28. Connective Tissues • Loose Connective Tissue • Dense Connective Tissue • Adipose Tissue • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

  29. Connective Tissues • Functions: • Connects body parts • Protection • Insulation • Transport substances • Common characteristics: • All originate from mesenchyme • Well vascularized • Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

  30. Connective Tissues • Three main elements: • Ground substance (interstitial fluid and proteins) • Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) • Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)

  31. Connective Tissues

  32. Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Smooth Muscle Tissue • Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  33. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  34. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  35. Smooth Muscle Tissue

  36. Smooth Muscle Tissue

  37. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  38. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  39. Nervous Tissue

  40. Biology 100 Human Biology

  41. Organ Systems

  42. Organ Systems

  43. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form • Hydrodynamics • Gas exchange • Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)

  44. Fusiform Shape and Streamlining Evolutionary Convergence

  45. Cell size is limited for gas exchange by diffusion

  46. Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

  47. Homeostasis • All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly • Temperature • pH

  48. Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

  49. Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

  50. Negative Feedback Body Temperature Regulation

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