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Green Stem Syndrome in Soybean

Green Stem Syndrome in Soybean. Craig R. Grau Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin-Madison. Soybean Green Stem: Several Phases of Green Stem. Mature pods on green stems no leaves but retain petioles no leaves and petioles Few to no pods

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Green Stem Syndrome in Soybean

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  1. Green Stem Syndrome in Soybean Craig R. Grau Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin-Madison

  2. Soybean Green Stem: Several Phases of Green Stem • Mature pods on green stems • no leaves but retain petioles • no leaves and petioles • Few to no pods • retain leaves at upper nodes and have immature green pods in clusters at upper part of the plant • retain leaves at upper nodes, but have few to no pods

  3. Green stem plants along edge of field adjacent to alfalfa/red clover field: 1950

  4. Green stem plants distributed throughout field

  5. Frequently green stem plants appear in patches Important of soil moisture?? Plants in field tested positive for Bean pod mottle virus & Soybean mosaic virus

  6. High Incidence of Soybean Green Stem Note mature pods

  7. Mature pods, petiole retention and green stems Few pods and single seed pods Bean pod mottle virus Soybean mosaic virus

  8. Common Phases of Green Stem No pods Variety mixture Genetic mutation ? Virus & Phytoplasma

  9. Problems Associated with Green Stem Soybeans • Harvest difficulties • Green plant debris mixed with seed • Green stem plants yield less • 30% less yield than normal plants • More likely to have mottled seed

  10. Soybean Green Stem is Triggered by Stress Factors • Soybean viruses & phytoplasma • ALS inhibitor herbicides • Fluctuating soil moisture - post flower • Different stress factors trigger different phases of green stem

  11. Green Stem Regulated by Genetics of Soybean Variety • Soybean varieties differ in expression of green stem trait • Website at University of Illinois • http://www.VIPSoybeans.org/

  12. Soybean Genetics and Green Stem: • Low green stem no matter stress factors • Range from low to high depending on stress factors

  13. Soybean Genetics and Green Stem Evaluation of Bell and Colfax (parents) and 21 progeny lines at Rock Co. and West Madison Research Station: Rock Co. – Bean leaf beetle & BPMV West Madison – Soybean aphid & SMV and AMV Colfax: high green stem at both sites Bell: low green stem at both sites Progeny Performance Low Green Stem at both sites: 11 lines High green stem at both sites: 10 lines High green stem at Rock and low green stem at West Madison: 2 lines

  14. 2001 2002 Insecticide Yield Virus GS Yield Virus GS Bu/a % % Bu/a % % None 43 98 0 48 54 40 Warrior 43 98 0 54 33 22 LSD (p=0.10) ns ns ns 4 14 12 Green Stem (GS), Insects, Viruses and Insecticides High incidence of soybean aphid in 2001; moderate in 2002

  15. Bean Leaf Beetle Bean Pod Mottle Virus Most consistent pathological cause of green stem in soybean

  16. The Soybean Aphid Soybean Mosaic Virus Inconsistent cause of soybean green stem Courtesy: D. Hogg

  17. Soybean dwarf virus Detected in Wisconsin in 2003 SbDV is transmitted by aphids Dwarf strain Yellows strain From Yamazaki, Hiroyuki http://www.agri.pref.hokkaido.jp/tokachi/soy/doc/project03_SDV.htm

  18. Soybean dwarf virus has been associated with green stem plants

  19. Summary • Green stem occurs throughout the Midwest • Incidence varies by year and location • Mottled seed often associated with green stem • Several stress factors are associated with • green stem • Bean pod mottle virus • Soybean mosaic virus • Soybean dwarf virus • Control of insects and viruses may reduce • green stem • Soybean varieties vary in expression of • green stem

  20. Information on Soybean Plant Health • Soybean Plant Health Initiative; North Central Soybean Research Program http://www.ncrsp.com/planthealth • Soybean Plant Health Website; University of Wisconsin-Madison http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/soyhealth

  21. Entomology Eileen Cullen Dave Hogg Tom German Scott Meyers Bob Ellingson Agronomy Chris Boerboom Roger Borges John Gaska Mark Martinka Kathy Bures AcknowledgementsSoybean Virus-Insect Team • Plant Pathology • Nancy Kurtzweil • Laurie Faccio • Emily Mueller • Tristan Mueller

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