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ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES

ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES. CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION. Legislative Extramurality, zoning, timing Fuel controls Technical Chimney heights Combustion controls – burn your own smoke Filters, traps etc. BURN YOUR OWN SMOKE.

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ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES

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  1. ORIGIN OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATING PRIMARY EMISSIONS FROM VICTORIAN TIMES

  2. CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION • Legislative • Extramurality, zoning, timing • Fuel controls • Technical • Chimney heights • Combustion controls – burn your own smoke • Filters, traps etc

  3. BURN YOUR OWN SMOKE • Benjamin Franklin advised Boulton and Watt • Smoke as waste fuel (lost profit) • Early attempts to control engine smoke ~1800 Manchester

  4. RAKE IT OVER LANCASHIRE BOILER …and its skilled operation

  5. EMERGING SANITARY ACTS

  6. 19th C PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM • Huge transitions - portrayed heroically as individual determination: e.g in UK Chadwick, Farrar • Preoccupation with sewers, housing, but smoke clauses • Focussed on key professionals Sanitary or smoke inspectors weak and subordinate to Medical Officer ...focus on organic disease

  7. SANITARY OFFICERS • 1823 early inspectors in Manchester Police Commissioners rarely found attentive and sober inspectors • Town Improvement Clauses Act 1847 authority to appoint a Medical Officer of Health and an Inspector of Nuisance • 1870's IoN and MOoH- throughout the country

  8. INSPECTOR OF NUISANCE • Inspectors point out of nuisances and maintain a journal report to Health Committee • Day to day implementation of sanitary policy • 1880's councils IoN a good man endowed with common sense • Lack of status and requisite skills attracted men who had failed in other walks of life PROFESSIONALIZATION P. BRIMBLECOMBE Origins of smoke inspection in Britain (circa 1900) Applied Environmental Science & Public Health 1, 55-62 (2003) P. BRIMBLECOMBEEmergence of the sanitary inspector, The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health,182-195 (2003)

  9. PROFESSIONALIZATION key characteristic of the development of Public Health in the late 19th C • Prof. Corfield 1885 lecture on Frontinus • Blyth 1890 appropriate examination and assistantship • MacMahon 1899 status of a sanitary officer ought to be that of a professional • Smoke inspectors • Specialization

  10. WOMEN AND UNIFORMS Women gain equal number of certificates ~1900 Concern about clothing long dresses in abattoirs (屠畜場) buttons not brass (militaristic?) Role beyond factories: could not climb ladders Marriage and family

  11. EXAMINATION SUCCESS 1899-1909 Male 62% Female70% M M F M only 3 fails! F M/F F

  12. BEDFORD COLLEGELadies College in Bedford Square • Sanitary Course criticized for being too theoretical • Taught microscopy and bacteriology! Models of hygienic sanitary appliances, England, 1895 http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=3883

  13. NBFAMOUS BEDFORD GRADUATES from SANITARY INSPECTION COURSE Deputy Chief Factories Inspector Hilda Martindale Head of Hygiene Battersea Polytechnic Hilda Bideleaux Head of the School of the Domestic Economy Tokyo Sumi Miyakawa (Japan) First woman factory inspector/MP Kerstin Hesselgren (Sweden) KERSTIN HESSELGREN

  14. WOMEN AND HEALTH VISITING Were not allowed to belong to Sanitary Inspectors Association Health visitor role probably led to a reduction of status in early 20th C

  15. ICONOGRAPHY

  16. COAL SMOKE ABATEMENT SOCIETY 1899-2011 • Sir William Blake Richmond also Octavia Hill • NSAC, NSCA, NSCA&EP, EP(UK) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15924233

  17. DEVELOPING ROLES IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT • 1883- Sanitary Inspectors • Association of Public Sanitary Inspectors • 1910- Sanitary Officers • 1921 Sanitary Officer formally recognised on passage of the Public Health (Officers) Act • 1950s- Public Health Inspector • 1970s- Environmental Health Officer

  18. POST WWI • Burning Bings- advocacy • Taylor, John (1914-1992) Smoke Menace (1937) • Gas and electricity

  19. LO-NOx BURNER • Key effect of temperature on the formation of NOx. • Surface combustion/radiant tile burners produce levels 60-70% less NOx. • John Joyce John Joyce of Bowin Technology, Australia, pioneered use high temperature steel mesh

  20. FUEL AIR SURF THOSE SOUND WAVES! LOW NOX FURNACE Controlling temperature: mixing of fuel and air is suppressed at the initial stage of combustion, and combustion progresses gently.

  21. SCRUBBING • Fine stream ofwater absorbs waste gases • Expensive as you need an alkaline solution to absorb SO2 2NaOH + SO2  Na2SO3 + H2O

  22. NEW ZEALAND SUGAR COMPANY CHELSEA WORKS IN AUCKLAND

  23. SEAWATER AS A SCRUBBING FLUID • Mid 20th C used the alkalinity of seawater as a cheap alternative • 2NaHCO3 + SO2  Na2SO3 + H2O + CO2 CHIMNEY HEIGHT • But lowers plume buoyancy

  24. SCRUBBING WITH LIMESTONE s=solid g = gas l=liquid CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(g) Can oxidize calcium sulphite to gypsum CaSO3(s) + ½O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CaSO4·2H2O(s) Problem is that very large quantities involved… http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch08/final/c08s13.pdf

  25. WELLMAN-LORD PROCESS aq=aqueous g = gas l=liquid Regenerative In scrubber Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g) → 2NaHSO3(aq ) In Heater 2NaHSO3(aq ) → Na2SO3(aq) + SO2(g) SO2 - is converted to elemental sulphur, sulphuric acid or liquid SO2.

  26. Leonardo di Caprio, Billy Crystal, Harrison Ford and Susan Sarandon FUELS • Methanol – logic of a new fuel for automobiles • Low volatility fuels • Zero Pollution Vehicles • Hybrid power cars

  27. ALTERNATE FUELS Data gathered in the late 1980s…

  28. GASES – LPG, NPG • Low molecular weight compounds • Sealed in a pressurised tank • Wide adoption and especially for fleets of buses

  29. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS • Three-way catalytic converter: platinum or rhodium on a ceramic or metallic base. Oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water and/or reduces oxides of nitrogen to nitrogen and oxygen gas. • Conflicting chemical reactions require a lambda probe to measure the residual oxygen in exhaust and adjust engine fuel-air ratio • Works at a fairly high temperature, so cold starts or stop start driving are a problem.

  30. FUEL VOLATILITY AND REFORMULATION • Summertime commercial gasoline volatility reduced because VOC drives smog chemistry • Reformulated gasoline (RFG) is gasoline blended to burn cleaner and reduce smog-precursors, particularly carbon monoxide • RFG uses oxygenates MTBE and ethanol. • Only mandated in severe ozone areas

  31. ASIA – MOTORCYCLES as in SOURCES Lecture Traditionally 2-stroke engines lots of organic matter and particles – with organic material Electric power Air power

  32. LEAN BURN • Engines mix more air with the fuel when full power is not needed, resulting in better fuel economy. • Engines fail strict NOx emission standards • Lean mixtures won’t ignite easily: use stratified-charge approach and air-fuel ratio varies through cylinder Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex lean-burn engine can achieve complete combustion with an air-fuel ratio as 25:1 whereas conventional engines require 14.7:1 and give 3% better fuel economy at 40km/h http://www.derestricted.net/cyborgr/info/

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