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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: Basic Structure of the Body

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: Basic Structure of the Body. Definitions. Anatomy : The study of the structures of the body (the parts) Physiology : The study of the functions of the structures of the body (how it works)

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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: Basic Structure of the Body

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  1. Anatomy and PhysiologyUnit 1: Basic Structure of the Body

  2. Definitions • Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body (the parts) • Physiology: The study of the functions of the structures of the body (how it works) • Pathophysiology: The study of how disease occurs and how the body responds to disease

  3. Protoplasm • Protoplasm is the basic substance of all life. • It is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorous. • Although scientists can combine these elements, life has not been recreated in the lab.

  4. Levels of Organization • The human organism has 8 levels of complexity. • Organism • Organ system • Organ • Tissue • Cell • Organelle • Molecule • Atom/ion

  5. The Cell Organelles: Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin Centrosome Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuoles Lysosomes Pinocytic Vesicle Using your textbook, label the diagram of the cell you have been given and list the function of the above organelles.

  6. Cell membrane: semipermeable outer protective covering of the cell. • Cytoplasm: semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus. The site for all chemical reactions in the cell. • Nucleus: “brain” of the cell. It controls many cell activities and is important in mitosis. • Nucleolus: small round bodies found in nucleus. Important in cell reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes. • Chromatin: Located in nucleus. Made of DNA and protein. Condenses to form chromosomes. • Centrosome: Contains two centrioles that during mitosis create an even division of chromosomes. • Mitochondria: “powerhouse” of cell. Break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats for ATP for energy needs of cell. • Golgi Apparatus: Produces, stores and packages secretions for discharge from the cell • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus • Vacuoles:Pouchlike substances filled with a watery substance, stored food, or waste • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials. Important to the immune system. • Pinocytic Vesicle Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane. Allow large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the cell.

  7. Cell Reproduction • Mitosis: • 1 cell divides into 2. • Asexual reproduction. • Each new cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) • Meiosis • Process by which sex cells (gametes) reproduce • Each new cell has 23 chromosomes

  8. Stem Cells • Stem cells are precursor cells that have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many different functions. • Stem cell research is a controversial area of science. • Scientists are attempting to determine whether stem cells can be transplanted into the body and used to cure diseases • Stem cells can be found in embryos, umbilical and placental blood. • They are also found in adult bone marrow and liver but do not have the ability to evolve into all kinds of cells only more cells of their own kind

  9. Tissue • Tissueis formed by similar cells that join together to perform a specific function. • There are four main types of tissue. • Epithelial (secrete and protect) • Connective (support and connect) • Nerve ( control and communicate) • Muscle (move and protect)

  10. Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue • Epithelial Tissue: covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue of the skin and lining of organs and body cavities. Also forms glands • Connective Tissue: is the supporting fabric of organs and body parts. • Soft connective tissue • Adipose (fat) • Fibrous (ligaments and tendons) • Hard Connective Tissue • Cartilage and bone • Liquid Connective Tissue • Blood • Lymph

  11. Nerve Tissue and Muscle Tissue • Nerve Tissue: made of special cells called neurons. Controls and coordinates body activites. • Brain • Nerves • Spinal Cord • Muscle Tissue: Produces power and movement • Smooth • Skeletal • Cardiac

  12. Fluid Balance Within Body Tissues • Dehydration • Insufficient amount of tissue fluid • Edema • Excess amount of tissue fluid • Causes swelling

  13. Organs • Organs are made from 2 or more tissues that join for a specific function • Ex: heart, brain, stomach

  14. Organ System • Organs and other body parts join for a particular function • We will study 12 body systems. Turn to page 146 to complete the body systems chart

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