Waste water

1. Waste water Part one

2. 1. Municipal wastewater the excreted waste from humans is called sanitary sewage, and wastewater from residential areas is referred to as domestic sewage and includes kitchen, bath, laundry, and floor drain wastes.

3. municipal: 市的，市政的 • the municipal government: 市政府 • a municipal university: 市立大学 • 2. excrete: 排泄，分泌 • 3. Sanitary：卫生的，清洁的。 • sanitary measures ：卫生措施 • Hospital operating instruments must be sanitary. • 医院的手术器械必须是消过毒的。 • 4. Sewage：下水道，污水。 • sewage purification • 污水净化

4. These, together with the liquid wastes from commercial and industrial establishments, are termed municipal wastewater. This wastewater is normally collected in a public sewerage system (sewers, manholes, pumping station, etc.) and directed to treatment facilities for safe disposal.

5. 5.residential：住宅的; 适合居住的; 作住家用的。 a residential district [quarter, section] 住宅区 • 6.Domestic：家(里)的, 家庭的；本国的, 国内的, 对内的；国产的; 自己制造的。 domestic concerns [affairs] ：家务; 内政 domestic troubles ：家庭纠纷 domestic markets ：国内市场 domestic goods [products] ：国产, 国货 • 7.Laundry：洗衣店，所洗的衣服。 laundry resistant：耐水洗的 • 8.drain：排去…水，喝光，使耗竭

6. Quantities of municipal wastewater are commonly determined from water use. Because water is consumed by humans, utilized in industrial products, used for cooling, and required for activities such as lawn watering and street washing, only 70 to 90 percent of the water supplied reaches the sewers. 市政污水量取决于用水量。因为水被人所消耗，用于工业生产，用于冷却，或者用于草地灌溉或冲洗街道等活动，仅这些供给的水中的70%-90%回到了下水道。

7. However, the assumption is frequently made that the water loss is balanced by infiltration (groundwater leakage into the sewer system through poor joints) or stormwater, which enters the sanitary sewer system through illicit connections (roof downspouts and road catchbasins) or through manhole openings. 但是，有一种推测，认为这些10%-30%的水量损失可以通过渗透作用与雨水平衡，渗透作用一般是地下室通过下水道系统中简陋的接口处向下水道系统渗透，而雨水是从一些不合理的接口流入清洁污水系统，如，屋顶的溢流管，路面的聚水池。或者通过污水系统打开的维修口直接流入。

8. 9. Infiltration：渗透 • 10. illicit:违法的，禁止的 • 11. Downspout：溢流管 • 12. Equalization：应力消除，均等 • 13. Hydraulic load：水力负荷 • 14. Mandatory：命令的

9. 2. Industrial wastewater wastewaters from industries include employees’ sanitary wastes, process wastes from manufacturing, wash waters, and relatively uncontaminated water from heating and cooling operations. 工业废水包括职工的清洁废水，生产过程中产生的废水，和在加热和冷却过程中使用到的为污染的水。

10. The wastewater from processing is the major concern. They vary widely with the type of industry. In some cases, pretreatment to remove certain contaminants or equalization to reduce hydraulic load may be mandatory before the wastewater can be accepted into the municipal system. 最主要的是生产过程中产生的废水，他们会因为工厂类型的不同而大不相同。有时，在进入市政系统前，必须经过一些去除某些污染物或者中和的预处理，以降低水力负荷。

11. In contrast with the relatively consistent characteristics of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, often have quite different characteristics, even for similar industries. 相对于均一行较大的生活污水，工业废水即使来源于相似的工厂，也常常存在巨大的差异性。

12. For this reason, extensive studies may be necessary to assess pretreatment requirements and the effect of the wastewater on biological process. 正是因为这个原因，需要进一步的研究来评估预处理的必要性和对污水生物处理过程的影响

13. Wastes are specific for each industry and can range from strong (high BOD5) biodegradable wastes like those from meat packing, through wastes such as those from plating shops and textile mills, which may be inorganic and toxic and require on-site physical-chemical treatment before discharged to the municipal system 每个工厂的废水都不同，可能是像肉类加工厂废水这样，具有很高生物降解性的废水，也可能是像从电镀厂和纺织厂废水这样，含有大量无机有毒污染物，而需要在排放至市政系统前进行现场物化处理。

14. The volume or strength of industrial wastewater is often compared to that of domestic sewage in terms of a population equivalent (PE) based on typical per capital contribution. 工业废水的体积和强度常以PE的形式与生活污水比较，从而分辨主次关系。

15. 3.stormwater The runoff from rainfall, snowmelt, and street washing is less contaminated than municipal wastewater. It therefore receives little or no treatment before being discharged into storm sewers (for direct disposal into receiving waters) or before being combined with the municipal wastewater for delivery to the wastewater treatment plant 由雨水、雪融水和街道清洁水形成的径流，与市政污水相比，较少受到污染。因此，它们无论是在进入雨水下水道（直接排放到地表水）前，还是与市政污水会合输送到污水处理厂前，都较少甚至不需进行处理。 Snowmelt:融雪水 [‘snəumelt] Sewer:阴沟, 污水管, 下水道 [sjuə]

16. The quantity of stormwater, which runs off from a municipality, varies widely with the time of a year, the type of terrain, and the intensity and duration of the storms which occur. Run off: (使)流掉 Municipality:自治市; 自治区 [mju’nisi’pæliti] Terrain:地形, 地面, 地域, 地带 [te’rein] Intensity:强度, 密度 [in’tensiti] Duration:持续, 持续的时间, 期间 [djuə’reiʃən] 一个地区的降水量，会因季节的不同，地形的不同，以及降水的强度和持续时间的不同而大不相同。

17. North America, excluding desert areas, has a range of 250 to 2000 mm of annual precipitation across the continent. In temperate areas with, for example, 750 to 900mm of rainfall per year, stormwater runoff would amount to about 25 percent of the total annual municipal wastewater volume. Precipitation:降雨量，沉淀, 析出 [pri’sipi’teiʃən] 除沙漠外的北美大陆，年降水量250-2000mm。如某些适中地区，一年的降水量为750-900mm，雨水的径流可以达到一年市政污水总量的25%

18. However, during a storm the rate of stormwater runoff can often be several times, and on occasion can be as high as 100 times, the normal flow to sanitary sewers. This explains why, in order to minimize the possibility of sewer backup and basement flooding, the admission of stormwater into a separate sanitary sewer system should be prohibited Sanitary：[‘sænitəri]清洁的, 卫生的, 保健的 但是，在一场暴雨中，雨水径流常高出这个数字数倍。某些时候甚至比生活污水的一般流量高出100倍。这就是解释了，为了避免引起下水道阻塞回流和底层泛滥，不允许雨水与单一生活污水管道系统相连的原因。

19. Of the total global annual rainfall, two-thirds may be lost through evaporation and transpiration, with the balance going to surface water and groundwater storage. Even during storms, not all rainfall becomes runoff.. Evaporation：[I’væpə‘reiʃən]蒸发(作用) Transpiration：[’trænspi‘reiʃən]蒸发(物),散发,蒸腾作用 Annual：[’ænjuəl]每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的 全球的年降水量，2/3通过蒸发作用和蒸腾作用，去补充地表水和地下水量。即使在降雨过程中，也并不是所有的降雨都变成径流。

20. The proportion, which does, varies from about 20 percent for parks and lawns up to 100 percent for roofs and paved areas Proportion：[prə‘pɔ:ʃən]部分; 份儿 Lawn：[lɔ:n]草地, 草坪 Pave：[peiv]铺 ，为…铺平道路 这个比例，从20%到100%不等。若是降雨落在公园和草地，则这个比例约20%，若是落在屋顶或水泥地上，则是100%。

21. An overall average value for a municipality might range between 30 and 50 percent during fairly intense storms. Stormwater runoff, particularly in cities, contains dust and other particulates from roads, leaves from trees, grass, cuttings from lawns and parks, and fallout from air pollution. Particulate：[pə’tikjulit]微粒 Fallout： 放射尘; (核爆炸后的)沉降物 中等强度降水时，全球平均值是30%-50%。雨水径流，尤其是在城市，主要包括来自地面的灰尘和颗粒、树叶、草、草地和公园里的枝条，以及来源于空气污染的放射尘。

22. The concentration of these contaminants is highest when they are first flushed into the sewer system during the early stages of runoff and then decreases as the rain continues. Flush：冲刷, 清除 [flʌʃ] 这些污染物的浓度（量）最早第一次被冲进下水道系统时，是最高（大）的，然后随着降水的持续而减少。