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Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education

12th Annual National Meeting on Alcohol, Other Drug, and Violence Prevention in Higher Education Washington, DC October 15, 1998. Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education. Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D. Director, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

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Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education

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  1. 12th Annual National Meeting on Alcohol, Other Drug, and Violence Prevention in Higher Education Washington, DC October 15, 1998 Substance Abuse Prevention in Higher Education Karol L. Kumpfer, Ph.D. Director, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

  2. CSAP Discretionary Grant Funds and Illicit Drug Use 1

  3. Prevention Funding Is A Sound Investment Budget: Drug Free Schools Program and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention Sources: Monitoring the Future Study, 1995, NCADI

  4. Increases In Substance Abuse in Adolescents (30-Day Use of Illicit Drugs) • 27% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds • 73% Increase in Illicit Drug Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds • 32% Increase in Marijuana Use in 12 to 17 Year Olds • 33% Increase in Cigarette Use in 12 to 13 Year Olds • Highest Rates in New Cocaine Users in Youth • Highest Incidence Rate in Heroin Use in Youth Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)

  5. Perceived Risk and Past Month Use of Marijuana Among Youth Age 12-17: 1985-1997 Source: 1997 National Household Survey (DHHS)

  6. Need for Prevention of Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Colleges and Universities • Drug Abuse Has Been Going Up in America’s Youth for Past Seven Years • National Household Survey Data for 1996-1997 Shows Very Large Increases • Increased Drug and Alcohol Use in College-Age Youth • Binge Drinking Deaths on College Campuses • Increased Crime and Violence, Date Rapes, and Deaths

  7. 30-Day Prevalence: Alcohol and Other Drugs • College Students Using Drugs At Least Once Within 30 Days: • Alcohol 69.7% • Tobacco 34.2% • Marijuana 18.6% • Other Drugs 3.1% Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey

  8. Consequences of Alcohol or Other Drug Use • College Students Experiencing Potential Consequences of Drug Use: • Hangover 59.8% • Nauseated or Vomited 49.0% • Did Something Later Regretted 35.8% • Drove Car While Under the Influence 33.6% • Missed a Class 30.1% • Argument or Fight 29.4% • Criticized by Someone Knew 28.2% • Memory Loss 28.1% Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey

  9. Beliefs Regarding the Social and Sexual Effects of Alcohol • College Students Believing Alcohol Affects Social and Sexual Behavior: • Breaks the Ice 68% • Enhances Social Activity 66% • Gives People Something to Do 62% • Allows People to Have More Fun 53% • Facilitates Male Bonding 50% • Facilitates Sexual Opportunities 47% Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey

  10. % of College Students Experiencing Violent Acts In General Under Influence of Alcohol or Other Drugs 10% 51% Threats of Physical Violence 7% 13% Ethnic Harassment 5% 64% Actual Physical Violence 5% 71% Forced Sexual Touching 4% 79% Unwanted Sexual Intercourse Types of Violence Experienced by College Students and Relationship of Substance Use and Violence Source: 1996 Core Alcohol and Drug Survey

  11. Need Effective Prevention Approaches for Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Colleges and Universities • Department of Education and FIPSE Were Pioneers in Prevention of Substance Abuse in College-Aged Youth. • Department of Education Began Most of the Substance Abuse Prevention and Education Centers in Colleges and Universities With Seed Grant Funds to Hundreds of Institutions of Higher Learning. • Department of Education Still Has a Small Grantee Program in FY99.

  12. The Great Disconnect Research Practice

  13. Building the Bridge Research Practice

  14. CSAP’s Vision for the Future Research Practice

  15. Continuum of Substance Abuse Prevention Research NIH: NIDA/NIAAA/NIMH CSAP/DoEd/OJJDP/CDC STATES Basic Biomedical Research I Hypothesis Develop-ment II Methods Develop-ment III Controlled Intervention Trials IV Defined Population Studies (KDs) V Demonstra-tion and Imple-mentation (KAs) Nationwide Prevention and Health Services Program (Block Grants) Research on Applications Applied Research Applications of Research Sources: Jansen, Glynn & Howard, 1996; Greenwald and Cullen, 1995 14

  16. 5 SAMHSA-CSAPCommunity Partnership Program Location of the 251 Partnerships 2 3 4 5 1 22 6 5 13 7 3 7 1 5 6 1 6 11 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 3 9 26 2 5 5 5 3 5 8 5 8 1 1 3 4 2 13 10 2 1 1

  17. A Rigorous National Evaluation 1994-95 1996 Total Adults Tenth graders Eighth graders Total: Age Groups Surveyed in the 24 Partnerships and 24 Comparison Communities 14,807 12,092 26,899 12,842 13,042 25,884 14,151 16,539 30,690 41,800 41,673 83,473 • Annual Site Visits to 24 Partnerships • Annual Site Visit Reports (N=24) • Composite Reports (N=24)

  18. INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG PREVENTION ACTIVITIES 12 12 3 9 LESS LIKELIHOOD OF ILLICIT DRUG USE 6 Vote for Issue B Red Ribbon Days • SAMHSA-CSAP DISAPPROVAL OF DRUGS IN THE PAST MONTH COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP NEIGHBORHOOD PERCEIVED SAFE FROM DRUGS Adults are Less Likely to Use Illicit Drugs When: • Living in partnership communities, • Participating in drug prevention activities, • Living in neighborhoods safe from drugs, and • Disapproving of drug use. •

  19. Inclusive and Broad-based Membership Strong Core of Partners Comprehensive Vision High Number of Prevention Contact Hours Decentralized Units Shared Vision Avoidance or Resolution of Severe Conflict Reasonable Staff Turnover Outcome Evaluation Results:Characteristics of Successful Partnerships

  20. 32 28 12 11 30 26 28 10 26 24 9 24 8 22 22 7 20 20 6 0 0 0 t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2 30 Day Illicit Drug UseMALES Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders Adjusted Prevalence Rates (%) p036* p005* p025* Partnership Communities Comparison Communities *one-tailed

  21. 48 46 44 p005* 0 0 t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2 30 Day Alcohol UseMALES Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders 34 66 32 64 30 Adjusted Prevalence Rates (%) 62 28 26 60 p030* 0 Partnership Communities Comparison Communities *one-tailed

  22. t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2 30 Day Illicit Drug UseFEMALES Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders 24 24 6 22 22 5 Adjusted Prevalence Rates (%) 20 20 18 18 4 p026* 1 0 0 0 Partnership Communities Comparison Communities *one-tailed

  23. 46 44 42 40 0 t1 t2 t1 t2 t1 t2 30 Day Alcohol UseFEMALES Adults 10th Graders 8th Graders 42 32 30 40 Adjusted Prevalence Rates (%) 28 38 26 0 0 Partnership Communities Comparison Communities

  24. Best Practices in Higher Education Prevention • Broaden Approach to Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Beyond Traditional Programs • Awareness Education • Peer Education • Curriculum Infusion

  25. Members: Presidents Deans Other College Administrators Faculty Student Leaders AOD Prevention Coordinators Health Care Counseling Staff Police and Campus Security Officials Athletics Staff Greek Officers Alumni Parents Representatives from the Community Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs Campuswide Task Force Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.

  26. Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs (continued) Campuswide Task Force Strategies Environmental Strategies Educational Strategies Early Intervention Strategies Enforcement Strategies • Admissions Procedures • Faculty Advisor Duties • Academic Requirements • Service Learning Programs • Class Scheduling • Residential Life Options • Extracurricular/ Recreational Options • Alcohol Availability • Responsible Beverage Service • Alcohol Industry Advertising/Sponsorship • Awareness & Information Training • Curriculum Development and Infusion • Peer Education • Student Leadership Training • Student and Employee Assistance Programs • Counseling and Support Groups • Targeted Policing Strategies • Disciplinary Procedures and Sanctions • Campus Judicial System Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.

  27. College Officials and Community Representatives Such As Elected Officials and Other Government Officials Alcohol and Other Leaders Parents Students Community Development Officials Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Providers Restaurant and Bar Owners Alcohol Beverage Control Officials Law Enforcement Officials Deans Other College Administrators Faculty Student Leaders AOD Prevention Coordinators Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs(continued) Campus and Community Coalition Members: Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.

  28. Effective Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Programs (continued) Campus and Community Coalition Strategies Environmental Strategies Educational Strategies Early Intervention Strategies Enforcement Strategies • Awareness & Information Campaigns • Media Advocacy • Social Marketing • Leadership Training • Counseling and Support Groups • “Sting” Operations • Sobriety Checkpoints • “Killer Bar” Patrols • ID Checks • Criminal Prosecution • Community Business Development • Zoning Ordinances • Permit and Licensing Restrictions • Advertising Restrictions • Responsible Beverage Service Source: The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1998.

  29. Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids: The ATLAS Program (Goldberg, 1996) • Intervention: • Male High School Athletes • Reduce Risk Factors for Use of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs • Healthy Sports Nutrition and Strength-training Alternatives • Outcomes: • Increase Understanding of Effects of Anabolic Steroids and Other Drugs • Increase Perception of Risk with Drug Use • Increase Positive Drug Use Norms • Increase Drug Refusal Skills • Increase Confidence in Personal Ability to Build Muscle and Strength Without Steroids • Increase Self-esteem • Decrease Desire to Use Anabolic Steroids

  30. Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued) Oregon State University and Midwestern University Drug Education and Prevention Program (DEPP) (Tricker et al., 1996) • Intervention: Life Skills Program for College Athletes • Outcomes: Increased Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Drugs and Perceptions of Effectiveness of Drug Education for College Athletes

  31. Promising Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (continued) New Jersey Collegiate Substance Abuse Program (Bennett et al., 1996) • Intervention: Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for College Students (Residential, Partial-residential, and Intensive Outpatient Care) and Peer Network • Outcomes: 74.5 Percent of Participants Who Completed Program Were Abstinent at the 6-Month Assessment

  32. Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems California State Polytechnic University • Social Marketing Approach Increased Campus Norms to Healthy Behaviors Regarding Alcohol and Other Drug Use

  33. Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued) University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill • Mandatory Counseling for College Athletes and Members of Fraternities and Sororities • Prohibition of Kegs in Dormitories • Banned Open Containers of Alcoholic Beverages on Campus Property • Banned Alcohol Advertising at Sporting Events • Policing of Public Drinking Before Football Games for Ticket-holders (Including Alumni) Source: Naughton, 1996

  34. Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued) Brown University Task Force • Party Organizers Verify Identification, Hold ID of Non-Brown Partygoers • Five Students from Sponsoring Organization Must Remain Sober • Bar Closes 10 Minutes Every Hour • Close Overcrowded Parties • Campus Parties May Not Be Advertised Off Campus Source: Berne, 1997

  35. Promising Practices for Higher Education Alcohol and Other Drug Problems (continued) University of Vermont • Create a New Normative Environment by Focusing on Student Volunteerism and Environmental Activism Including Informing Prospective Students, Parents and Alumni • Address Harmful Effects of Binge Drinking

  36. Evaluation Issues of Measurement 1. Staffing: Get University Researchers Involved 2. Selection of Measures • Core Alcohol and Drug Survey 3. Data Collection Issues • Mail Out (Low Return Rate 20-40%) • Classroom (High 90-99% Return Rate) • Telephone Interviews • Face to Face Interviews • Combination 35

  37. Evaluation Issues of Measurement (continued) 4. Design Issues: Control or Comparison Groups • Internal Statistical Designs 5. Data Analysis Suggestions • Needs Assessments • Internal Modeling Approaches 6. Publish Data on Outcomes and Process of Implementation 7. Calculate Cost-Benefit Data 8. Change Policies

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