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Social Welfare in The UK

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Social Welfare in The UK

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    1. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Social Welfare in The UK The Transformation of Personal Social Services from Beveridge to New Public Management

    2. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Welfare Services for Children and Families

    3. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Principles underlying the early relationship between the State, Children and the Family Underlying Social Democratic principles Fabian notions of human nature, professional action and the appropriate role of the state Social Democratic writers argue that social services developed out of a collective conscience in Britain following Beveridge.

    4. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The introduction of state social work with children Introduction through the Curtis Report which was based on a new and more sympathetic approach to human need. Emphasis was laid on the differences of each child and his value as an individual’ Slack, 1966, p111)

    5. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The introduction of state social work with children A commitment to meet need through the activities of government and state: ‘whenever or wherever a social service is introduced it is to meet a need that has, whether or wherever a social service is introduced it is to meet a need that has, whether soon or late, been recognised as real or unmet’ Slack, 1966, p.93)

    6. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The introduction of state social work with children Titmus has argued that as the accepted area of social obligation widened, as injustice became less tolerable, new services were separately organised around individual need’ ( Titmuss, 1968. P21)

    7. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The introduction of state social work with children Awareness of need within society was also critical in the development of personal social services at this time. This process was continuous and cumulative.

    8. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Children and Young Persons Act 1963 Sanctioned preventative social work Recognised the need to receive children with behavioural needs into local authority care. Also laid down a framework intended to minimise the number of child and young adult offenders appearing before courts - and say a treatment or welfare model as more appropriate that a justice model in such cases.

    9. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Seebohm Report 1968 and Kilbrandon Committee (1961-1964) Reviewed Social Services in England and Wales In Scotland ‘The Kilbrandon Committee (1961-64) proposed set of reforms and set up Social Work departments. This report was concerned with juvenile delinquency. Both reports – concern to address pressures and challenges.

    10. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Seebohm Report 1968 and Kilbrandon Committee (1961-1964) Existence of two separate services – child health and health and welfare Clients as they were know then often needed help from both child health and child welfare Problem of coordination across disparate and fragmented services. – e.g. juvenile delinquency Social worker – seeking a more unified coherent structure – professional practice and development

    11. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Seebohm Report 1968 and Kilbrandon Committee (1961-1964) Implementation of Seebohm Report in 1970 Local Authority Social Services Act Reorganization of fragmented provision of personal social services bringing services together – Social Services Department in England and Wales. Unified structure for delivery of personal social services – fusion of diverse tasks carried out by social workers – generic social work. Between 1970’s and 1980’s social work was generic rather than specialist in nature.

    12. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Radical critiques of social work From within social work itself From service user groups From the government and the New Right.

    13. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Radical critiques of social work (1) Community Social Work Methods; ‘patch social work’ Social worker lives in the area in which they work develop local knowledge and become actively involved in community organisations; and work towards structural change rather than focussing on individual pathology and locating problems at an individual level. Belief that social problems could be alleviated by state provision of welfare services. Post war consensus on welfare included commitment to eradication of poverty. Marxist analysis class inequality as main problem (Corrigan and Leonard, 1978; Brake and Bailey, 1980).

    14. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Radical critiques of social work (2)The Feminist critique – Women’s movement – feminist perspective on emerging shape of social work Also black perspectives – anti-racist social work criticised social work fro being Euro-centric and reinforcing racist stereotypes labelling black and other non-white communities as ‘ethic minority’ (Saraga, 1998, Lewis 1998)

    15. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Radical critiques of social work Challenges and resistances from marginal groups (regarding class, gender, race, sexuality and disability) did impact on the organisation and content of social work training and upon social work practice. Anti-discriminatory Practice became central. In general however social work tends to reproduce rather than challenge inequalities. E.g. Social work assessments are mainly carried out on women living in poverty, yet material conditions have seldom been a factor within these assessments.

    16. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Radical critiques of social work New Right Critique Thatcher Government – restructured welfare Introducing market mechanisms into all aspects of welfare Radically altered the ethos and practices within welfare Mixed Economy of Welfare – delivery by private, voluntary and the family, not just the state.

    17. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. Role of family and voluntary and private sector promoted Family care was the right and proper care in most cases. Purchaser- provider split – state took on the role of purchaser and voluntary and private sectors and sometimes even public sector taking on role of provider. This would introduce competition between the state and other providers of services and therefore reduce expenditure by the state.

    18. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. Wilding (1992) argued issue was not about cuts in welfare expenditure rather it was more ideological. A residual welfare state was to be created with a ‘lower shabbier base-line’ and what was to be decided was appropriate levels of welfare provision.

    19. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. The Thatcher governments reform were also motivated by desire to move away from public provision to voluntary or private provision ‘ Rolling back the state’ Removing ‘dependency on state welfare’ (recurring theme – current governments focus on reform of incapacity and disability benefit – enabling or disabling? Inclusion or exclusion – deserving and underserving poor debate is recreated here)

    20. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. Aims, purposes and values of welfare Between 1940’s and 1970’s concern to reduce inequalities promote and ethic of fairness, combat poverty and assert rights of citizenship. In 1980’s move from notion of universal provision free services as a right of citizenship and toward greater stress on charges for services and targeting of services to the very poorest.

    21. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. Restructuring of social work and social care came later that reorganizations of housing, health income maintenacne and education. Survival of personal social services as a monopoly provider of services throughout 1980’s attributed to complexity of legal, organizational and professional structures. (Langan and Clarke, 1994)

    22. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Re-configuration of social relations of welfare between the state and the citizen. Restructuring of 1990’s largely as a result of legislation 1989 Children Act And NHS and Community Care Act of 1990

    23. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Community Care 1989 White Paper Caring for People NHS Community Care Act 1990 Foundamental change in was community care would be provided Promotion of community care rather than institutional care and not a new phenomena. E. g. Mental Health services movement toward community care began in the 1930s (Barnes,1998)

    24. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Social work practice Growing view that problems associated with childhood were rooted in social or familial problems rather than individual pathology. Problems of children’s relationship with parents or siblings best dealt with in a family setting.

    25. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Reorganisation of social services in 1970’s Seebolm Report 1968 argued that a unified system of state social services would lead to a more integrated approach for children and their families.

    26. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The 1989 Children Act Based on Principles of Partnership and retaining measures to safeguard children’s interests. It also embraced the philosophy of family support. Research indicated that family support work is valued but ought to be multi-faceted and openly available. Access has become confined to those children defined as at Risk.

    27. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Black Committee In 1979 a Children and Young Persons Review Groups was set up with Sir Harold Black as chair it was reported that; the primary determinant of children’s behaviour. . . Is the social moral and economic climate’(DHSS 1979)

    28. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 The Strategy For Help The Black committee Report proposed a ‘Strategy for Help’ which emphasised prevention and the meeting of children and young people’s needs through resourcing the family and other formal and informal child care institutions and networks.

    29. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Models of Child Welfare: Health Care: Education Social Services Provision

    30. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Child Protection Investigations Child Protection Investigations separates out the deserving and undeserving poor. The undeserving poor are drawn into a system of social control and monitoring which may fail to address their primary needs for employment, good housing and adequate educational opportunities.

    31. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 A Continuum of Services Services for children at home in the community Services for children looked after away from home Services for children after they have left accommodation or care

    32. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Social Service Provision In the 1970’s child welfare services in the UK took on an in increasing pre-occupation with child protection. Media campaigns and public inquiries in the UK were instrumental in changing the focus of child care social work from attempting to support and resource families to a major concern to police families for child abuse and and neglect.

    33. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 Targeting of Resources By focussing resources on families with children who are defined as at risk many other needy families are discriminated against. Narrow interpretations of the category ‘in need’ and resource constraints have contributed to this more restricted access to family support that was hoped for by the Children Act.

    34. Lecture Four; Social Services in the UK; Dr. Marion Ellison 8th February 2006 CARE PLANNING AS PROCESS

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