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Basic Concepts Behind the Internet

Explore the development of the Internet from the connection of the first mainframe computers in the 1960s to the high-speed fiber optics of today. Learn about the growth, speeds, and basic concepts behind the evolution of this global network.

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Basic Concepts Behind the Internet

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  1. Basic ConceptsBehind the Internet

  2. Before the Internet… • Computer components are connected to each other internally via wires • Wires also connected some external components, like tape drives and terminals • Terminals could be connected to a specific remote computer via a phone line (a phone call to the specific computer). • 1965: first experimental connection of 2 computers over a phone line

  3. Beginning of the Internet • 1966 – 1969: various researchers develop ideas for how networked computers could communicate with each other. (ARPANET) • 1969: DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) funds the connection of mainframe computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Institute (SRI), followed by UC Santa Barbara and Univ. of Utah. • 4 nodes by end of 1969; 14 by end of 1970; 19 by end of 1971 (1972: First networked email application) • 1975: ARPANET has 60+ nodes, daily traffic exceeds 3 million packets

  4. From ARPANET to Internet • mid-70’s-80’s: other networksEthernet (for Local Area Networks) BITNET, JANET, CSNET, NSFNet, USENET development of TCP/IP to connect networks • mid-80’s: Internetinteroperability of various networks TCP/IP becomes de facto standard protocol 1985: 2000 hosts on the internet

  5. What does it consist of? • Local computers, connected to… • Higher-speed regional connections (e.g., ISP), connected to… • Very high-speed backbone between major connection points • Information is broken down into packets and routed via TCP/IP protocol Analogy: send a very long letter to a friend by putting each page in a separate envelope (packets); the protocol specifies what should go on the envelope (e.g., sender’s name & address, receiver’s name & address, page x of XX, etc)

  6. Growth of the Internet • 1969: 2, then 3, then 4 nodes • 1975: 60+ nodes • 1985: 2000 hosts • 1987: nearly 30,000 hosts • 1989: 80,000 (Jan) -> 130,000 (July) -> 160,000 (Nov) • 1990: ARPANET shuts down; over 300,000 hosts • 1991: 100+ countries; 600,000 hosts; nearly 5000 separate networks • 1992: WWW and growth explodes (doubling in 3 months, not a year)

  7. Internet Speeds • 1969: 50 Kbps (ARPANET) • 1984: 56 Kbps (CSNet)(personal modems in the 1980’s and 1990’s: 300 bps, 1200 bps, 9600 bps) • 1985-88: 1.544 Mbps (T1, NSFNet backbone) • 1992: 44.736Mbps (T3, NSFNet backbone) • 1994: 145Mbps (ATM, NSFNet backbone) • Current fiber: 100 Gbps; research 10 Tbps

  8. The “net” vs. the “web” • Internet: loose collection of computers & networks that communicate via TCP/IP • Web:files (usually hypertext) across the internet + web browsers that know how to display them + server programs that, given a page address (URL), know how to find that page • http: HyperText Transfer Protocol (a TCP protocol) • html: HyperText Markup Language

  9. Sources • Leiner, Cerf, et al, “Brief History of the Internet”, Internet Society, www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet. • Computer History Museum, “Internet History”, www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/. • Eha, Brian Patrick, “An Accelerated History of Internet Speed (Infographic)”, Entrepreneur, www.entrepreneur.com/article/228489. • Internet speed info: misc. web sites

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