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Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity

Forest Mensuration II. Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity. Species richness Evenness. Structure. Biological Diversity. Genetic diversity Stand level diversity (  ) Local landscape diversity (  ) Regional diversity (  ). Objectives. Concepts

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Special Lecture Stand Structural Diversity

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  1. Forest Mensuration II Special LectureStand Structural Diversity

  2. Species richness Evenness Structure Biological Diversity • Genetic diversity • Stand level diversity () • Local landscape diversity () • Regional diversity ()

  3. Objectives • Concepts • Classification of stand structure • Measures of stand structural diversity

  4. Stand structure attributes • Living trees • Snags, CWD • Age • Composition

  5. Stand structure • Arrangement of trees in space • Vertical • horizontal Stand structural diversity-Variability among trees vertically and horizontally within a stand

  6. Why stand structural diversity? • Ecological • A measure of biodiversity • Wildlife habitat • Ecosystem process (e.g., productivity) • Social • Visual quality • Management - structure based

  7. Frequency (stems/ha) Vertical structure Single-storied/ normal Multi-storied/ irregular Multi-storied/ inverse J Two-storied/ bimodal Smith et al. 1997

  8. Measures of vertical structural diversity • Shannon-Weiner index (H´) • Variance of tree size (S2)

  9. Example P2 P1 P3 H’ Stand A 0.9 0.1 0.33 Stand B 0.5 0.5 0.69 Stand C 0.33 0.33 0.34 Shannon-Weiner index (H´) 1.10

  10. Frequency (stems/ha) Proportion (Freq.) DBH Proportion (BA) DBH Shannon-Weiner index (H´)

  11. Frequency (stems/ha) Frequency DBH Variance of tree size

  12. Horizontal structure Stand 2 Stand 3 Stand 1 Random Clumped (aggregate) Uniform

  13. Random

  14. Clumped

  15. Clumped

  16. Uniform

  17. Clark and Evans’ test (C) Measure of horizontal structure

  18. Observed mean distance = (1.5+1.8+1.5+,,,)/15 = 1.493 m

  19. m m Expected mean distance Random (Poisson) distribution Standard error

  20. Clumped Random Regular 0 -1.96 1.96 C Clark and Evans’ test

  21. Three-dimensional structure

  22. z z x x y y Structural complexity index (SCI)

  23. Problem with SCI Stand 2 Stand 3 Stand 1 Tree heights = 20 m Tree heights = 5 m Tree heights = 10 m

  24. Summary • Concepts • Classification of stand structure • Vertical • Horizontal • Measures of stand structural diversity • Vertical • Shannon-Weiner index • Variance of tree size • Horizontal: Clark and Evans test • Three-dimensional: SCI

  25. Possible research topics • Does increasing structural diversity affect Stand productivity? Silvicultural feasibility?

  26. How do we measure landscape structural diversity?

  27. Criteria for Sustainable Forest Management • Conserving Biological Diversity • Maintenance and enhancement of Forest Ecosystem Condition and Productivity • Conservation of Soil and Water Resources • Forest Ecosystem Contributions to Globe Ecological Cycles • Multiple Benefits to Society • Accepting Society’s Responsibility for Sustainable Development

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