Life Systems

1. Life Systems Functions of different species

2. What do all Mammals have?? • Endothermic - Mammals produce body heat internally through metabolism. Mammals control their body heat through metabolism and regulating the loss of heat through the body’s surface. • All mammals have hair. • Completely divided heart – A heart with two completely separate ventricles. These ventricles separate oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood. • Females produce milk to feed their offspring. • Mammals all have one single jawbone unlike reptiles • Specialized teeth – These teeth are specially placed and each have their own unique function. Those at the front of the jaw are for biting and others located towards the back of the jaw are for chewing the food .

3. Some History • Mammals first came to be from dinosaurs like everything else on earth. • They first true mammals were rather small and grew to be around 10cm long. (4 inches total) • After the Jurassic period mammals took on all the same roles previously completed by the dinosaurs.

4. Circulatory and Respiratory Systems The circulatory system makes sure that blood gets transferred through the body • A mammal’s heart has two separate ventricles to make sure that the oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood never mix. • For lizards or other reptiles its ok if the two mix, but for mammals it is dangerous because their bodies demand such a high amount of oxygen. • The Respiratory System is for breathing or also known as “gas exchange” • Lungs (organs used for breathing) are large and contain millions of alveoli, the small chambers where gas change occurs. • The diaphragm is another organ located right beneath the lungs which helps the mammal inhale.

5. Digestion System • Most mammals have specialized teeth to begin the digestive system. These teeth complete different functions like biting into the food then chewing it down to a swallow able size. • These teeth differ depending on the diet on the animal. Like blue whales for example, they don’t have teeth, they have a nail like material hanging from the top of their mouth called baleen instead which allows them to catch small creatures like shrimps and krill. • Plants are much harder to digest then meat, only some mammals can eat plants because of they high amount of cellulose that they contain. • Hoofed animals with large stomachs that have four chambers can eat them without any problems because the first chamber contains rumen. Rumen contains symbiotic bacteria and other micro organisms. These micro organisms break down cellulose to help make the food digestible. • Also, another substance that helps mammals digest plants is cecum. Cecum is a large sac that branches down from the small intestine and is a fermentation chamber. Food passes through the stomach before getting to the cecum. Mammals with a cecum only have to digest plants once.

6. Nervous System and Sense Organs • A brain of a mammal is around 15 times heavier then one of a fish, amphibian or a reptile. Its mostly because of one particular part in the brain that makes it so much bigger or heavier then other brains, there cerebrum. • In mammals, the cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain, the surface area is folded and compact so it remains small but still vital to mammals. • The cerebrum controls which parts of the body move and how they react to their surroundings. This also controls memory and behavior.

7. Reproduction Marsupials Monotremes • Short development within the mother’s uterus. • Usually these types of mammals are born very small but grow to be kinda big • The development continues inside the pouch of the mother. • A Monotreme is a mammal that lays 1 or 2 large eggs at a time using body heat. • At first they are undeveloped until their mother nurses them to health.

8. Placental Mammals These mammals give birth to their off spring after a long development in the mother’s placenta. The placenta forms after fertilized eggs attach to the edge of the uterus. The placenta also receives food and oxygen from the mother.

9. Plants How they work

10. Plant Reproduction System Spores Seeds • A structure that contains a haploid reproductive surrounded by a hard outer wall • More common then seeds • Allow the wide spread dispersal of plant species • An embryo surrounded by a protective coat. • Seeds contain endosperm, a tissue that provides nourishment for the developing plant. • Seeds are more effective at dispersal then spores are.

11. Classifying Plants • Nonvascular plants – Have neither tissue or true roots, stems, or leaves. • Vascular Plants – have vascular tissue and true roots, stems and leaves. • Seed Plants- plants that produce seeds for reproduction , include phyla of gymnosperms and phylum of angiosperms. • Gymnosperms – Produce seeds that aren’t enclosed in fruits such as pine trees. • Angiosperms – Known as flower plants, they produce seeds within in protective fruit.

12. Plant Life cycles Nonvascular Life cycle Vascular Life cycle

13. Photosynthesis • This Process Feeds a plant, look at the picture below to see how photosynthesis happens through steps. • As you can see, plants absorb Carbon Dioxide and release oxygen. Also you can see that also intake water from the ground. The plant also produces glucose which is just another word for sugar.

14. Reptiles and Amphibians How they work

15. Amphibians • Amphibians means land and water, an amphibian lives some of its life on water and some of it on land. • The most common amphibians are known as frogs and toads. • They start their life out in water as tadpoles and then move on to land as they develop limbs. • Other Amphibians include Salamanders and even some water snakes that are also adaptable to land. • Frogs have a similar digestive system to humans

16. Amphibian Orders Order Urodela Order Apoda • Salamanders are part of this order meaning they have long bodies, long tails • Some species are completely aquatic and some are completely land born. • Some are both. • They usually lay eggs and are hatched into mini adult salamanders. • The female stays with the eggs for a few weeks until they hatch. • Caecilians are a highly specialized group of legless amphibians that resemble small snakes. • These amphibians have small eyes that are located under their skin • They usually eat small invertebrates because of their small jaw bone. • They reproduce using internal fertilization then they lay eggs. • These amphibians are common in Asia, Africa and South America.

17. Reptiles • Originated from Dinosaurs (also known as giant lizards) • They reproduce by laying eggs. The off springs develop fully in an egg then when hatched, the mothers only look after them for a while • The egg contains a protective shell, a yolk sac and air space where the offspring gets oxygen from. • A reptile’s heart is similar to a humans but it isn't completely separated. • A reptile’s nerve system is also controlled by the brain.

18. Works Cited page • http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://apbiosemonefinalreview.pbworks.com/f/29_05aAltGenerations- • http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.factmonster.com/images/photosynthesis.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0775714.html&usg=__F8ihydd9EvYpqvzMFRSrrD6 • The Owl Book From the Biology Room