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Ocean Sediments

Ocean Sediments. Paleoceanography. Figure 5-1. Ocean Sediments. Lithostratigraphy Biostratigraphy Chronostratigraphy Magnetostratigraphy Stable-isotopic stratigraphy. Foundations. Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) Baille rod German Meteor Expedition (1925-1927) Wolfgang Schott

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Ocean Sediments

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  1. Ocean Sediments • Paleoceanography Figure 5-1

  2. Ocean Sediments • Lithostratigraphy • Biostratigraphy • Chronostratigraphy • Magnetostratigraphy • Stable-isotopic stratigraphy

  3. Foundations • Challenger Expedition (1872-1876) • Baille rod • German Meteor Expedition (1925-1927) • Wolfgang Schott • Foraminifera • Established first links between the abundance of marine organisms and climate

  4. Foundations • Cesare Emiliani (1922-1995) • Isotopes of oxygen • First to demonstrate that ocean conditions were not constant through geologic time

  5. Foundations • CLIMAP project (1971-1982) • Milankovitch Cycle • Eccentricity • Obliquity • Precession

  6. Younger Dryas event

  7. IODP • Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

  8. Descriptive Classifications • Granular • Fragmentation of organic or inorganic parent materials • Biogenous • Lithogenous • Chemical • Forming directly from dissolved compounds in seawater • Hydrogenous • Authigenic

  9. Biogenous Sediments • Shells & skeletons • CaCO3 [calcareous] • SiO3 [siliceous] • Oozes

  10. Biogenous Sediments • Coccolithophorids • Pteropods • Foraminfera • Diatoms • Radiolarians

  11. Lithogenous Sediments • Terrigenous sediments • Fine to coarse • Most common • Weathering of rocks • Transport by rivers, winds, volcanoes and glaciers

  12. Hydrogenous Sediments • Derived from chemical reactions in the water Hydrothermal Vent

  13. Hydrogenous Sediments • Carbonates • Limestone-type deposits • Shallow, warm water • Ooliths

  14. Hydrogenous Sediments • Phosphorites • Phosphorus in the form of phosphate • Continental shelf & slope

  15. Hydrogenous Sediments • Salts • High rate of evaporation in shallow areas • Carbonate salts, sulfate salts, then chlorides

  16. Hydrogenous Sediments • Manganese nodules • Manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt & copper

  17. Cosmogenous Sediments • Sediments derived from space

  18. Particle Size

  19. Udden-Wentworth Scale

  20. Particle Size • Size & shape • Influences sinking rate and travel time

  21. Particle Size • Particle aggregation • Electrical attraction • Fecal pellets 2200x

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