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Autonomous Flight

Autonomous Flight. AIAA Group 6 Mat Thompson. Autonomy- The degree to which something is subject to control from the outside. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Manned Aerial Vehicles. UAV Autonomy. Least- Target and Drone Civil and Commercial Reconnaissance Research and Development Most- UCAV

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Autonomous Flight

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  1. Autonomous Flight AIAA Group 6 Mat Thompson

  2. Autonomy-The degree to which something is subject to control from the outside • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Manned Aerial Vehicles

  3. UAV Autonomy • Least- Target and Drone • Civil and Commercial • Reconnaissance • Research and Development • Most- UCAV • Sensor Fusion • Communications • Motion Planning • Trajectory Generation • Task Allocation

  4. UAV Tier Systems USAF Tier System • Tier 1 Low altitude, long endurance- Gnat 750 • Tier 2 Medium altitude, long endurance- MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper • Tier 2+ High Altitude Long Endurance Conventional- RQ-4 global Hawk • Tier 3- High altitude long endurance low observable- RQ-3 Dark-star

  5. USMC Tier System • Tier 1- Dragon Eye scouts urban areas, launched by bungee chords • Tier 2- Scan Eagle needs four humvees to carry system

  6. UCAV • J-UCAS Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems • X-45 UCAV Attack missions successful. Communication. • X-47 Pegasus Collision avoidance software. Group flight. • Real Time communication and decision making between UCAVs • Program Canceled

  7. Foreign Autonomous Vehicles • nEUROn drop a bomb by 2012 • Alenia Sky-X still in test flight stages • Autonomous Vehicles Worldwide

  8. Future Autonomous Flight • Air Force “Hunter-Killer” Program will select one of the five for production after 2007 1. Scaled Composites Model 395 2. Scaled Composites Model 396 3. General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (already flying) 4. Aurora/Israeli Eagle/Heron 2 5. Lockheed ? *6. Raytheon package

  9. Unmanned Systems Roadmap • DoD autonomous goals until 2030 1. Joint unmanned combat aircraft system capable of performing suppression of enemy air defenses/strike/electronic attack/surveillance in high threat environments 2.-9. logistics to support goal 1.

  10. Full Autonomy • P-175 Polecat is being developed by Lockheed to have full autonomy from take-off to landing. • Triple Redundant Flight Control Software

  11. Far Future… Keeping the man-in-the-loop

  12. Autopilot • Modern autopilots use inertial guidance systems as well as GPS or radio to correct flight path errors • Lower Fuel consumption • Modern Auto Flight Systems can take-off, ascend, level, descend, approach, land. Everything but taxi • Category IIIb landing guides the planes automatic pilot through landing and rollout • Category IIIc does the previous and taxis the plane to the terminal. Requires 3 autopilot systems

  13. Concorde Autopilot • Auto Throttle • Autopilot Horizontal • Autopilot Vertical • Datum Adjust • Warning Landing Display

  14. Auto Throttle • 3 Modes • Mach Hold- keeps make number steady, even with temperature change • IAS Hold- holds indicated air speed • IAS ACQ- will change to selected air speed then switch to IAS hold

  15. Autopilot Horizontal • INS- aircraft follows waypoints by inertial navigation system • TRK HDG- pull for heading, follow compass push for track, direct path accounting wind speeds • HDG Hold • VOR LOC- tracks a selected beacon • Back Beam- non-autopilot tracking back beam localizer

  16. Autopilot Vertical • PITCH HOLD • MACH HOLD- hold mach number by pitch changes, not throttle • MAX CLIMB- climbs at near max operating speed • MAX CRUISE-engages at height of max climb • IAS HOLD- holds airspeed by pitch changes • ALT HOLD • VERT SPEED

  17. More Vertical Autopilot • ALT ACQ • TURB- holds pitch, altitude and heading, reduces trim • LAND- CATIIIb system, second redundant autopilot engaged • GO AROUND- pitch 15 deg. Hold wings. Initiated when two of the throttle levers are forward in land or glide mode • GLIDE- used before pilot makes a manual landing

  18. Datum Adjust • Add or subtract speed by Mach 0.6 • Autopilot turn at 5 deg/s to adjust heading • Pitch Adjust

  19. Warnings • Red lights flash if failure in autopilot autothrottle • DH flashes if under set height • LAND2/3 flash if CATII or CATIII are supported • Aircraft deviation lights • Test

  20. Auto Correct • Stall warnings- stick shaker • Deep Stall warning- stick pusher • Collision Avoidance- TCAS III • Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System gives vocalize suggestions horizontally and vertically among multiple aircraft to avoid collision • FAA regulates that even false alarms be treated as real threats • Next Generation TCAS may auto correct flight path to avoid collision

  21. Modern Autopilot • C-17 Globemaster III uses the Electronic flight Control System. • New CsLEOS has memory partition to allow multiple applications to run simultaneously without interference. • Operate autopilot, air/ground collision warning, deep stall avoidance, angle of attack limiter, all engine out autopilot, safe go-around autopilot, navigation, engine control, flight control…. • Can do take-off modes for all levels of flight for pitch, roll, and yaw. Autopilot is sensitive to the stick, and engages or disengages automatically when it is in use.

  22. Manned and Unmanned • UAVs assist manned fighters bombers, air combat, air defense • Pilot’s control weapons release

  23. Q’s

  24. References Concorde Technical Specs, http://www.concordesst.com/autopilot.html UAV Roadmap 2005-2030, www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav_roadmap2005.pdf Dp-5X, X-50 Dragonfly, http://www.defensetech.org/archives/001748.html UAVs as Tactical wingmen, http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/labs/halab/papers/UAV_wingmen_AUVSIdraft.pdf Autopilot Design, http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=mtgpaper&gID=95289 Flight Systems and Goals http://www.aa.washington.edu/research/afsl/ TCAS-94 http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/br/TCAS-94_PrintFriendly.html UAV Autopilot, http://www.baykarmakina.com/english/baykaruas/autopilot.asp www.navyleague.org/sea_power/ju106-22.php www.defenselink.mil Aviation Week + Space Technology July 24, 2006 pg 64-65

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