AKS 42: Absolutism and Enlightenment

1. AKS 42:Absolutism and Enlightenment Chapter 21 – PAGES 589-617 Chapter 22.2 & 22.3 – PAGES 629-639

2. FranceBackground: • Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) • 1st king of Bourbon Dynasty • Converted to Catholicism • Devoted reign to rebuilding France & its prosperity • Edict of Nantes • Issued by Henry • Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up their own houses of worship in certain cities

3. FranceBackground: • Cardinal Richelieu • No walls in Protest. cities • Weakened power of nobles by ordering them to take down their castles & by ↑ power of gov’t agents

4. “I am the state.” - Louis XIV FranceLouis XIV (14th) Comes to Power (4 yrs old ): • France suffered from riots by nobles – Louis’ life threatened at times • Louis never forgot fear/anger – vowed to be so strong nobles could never threaten him again So distinguished

5. FranceLouis XIV Comes to Power: • Jean Baptiste Colbert: • Made France economic power • Followed mercantilism – make France self-sufficient • Expanded & protected French industry • Encouraged migration to Canada (fur trade)

6. FranceSun King’s Grand Style: • Controls Nobility • Nobles expected to be at Palace at Versailles – if not, incomes & social status ↓ • Made nobility totally dependent on Louis • Patron of the Arts • Popularized opera & ballet • Supported writers • Promoted art that glorified monarchy & supported absolute rule

7. IMPRESSIVE, BUT COSTLY!!!

8. FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: • Expansion • Wanted to expand – succeeded at first • Countries banned together to match France’s strength – balance of power

9. FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) • Charles II of Spain died – throne went to Louis’ grandson – Spain & France now ruled by French Bourbon kings • Treaty that ended war allowed Louis’ grandson to stay in power as long as thrones of Spain & France not united • Big winner - Great Britain: • Took Gibraltar • ↑ involvement in slave trade

10. FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: • Death and Legacy: • People rejoiced at news of Louis’ death • Pos.: • Military leader of Europe • Ranked above all others in art, lit., statesmanship • Neg.: • War & construction of Palace at Versailles = massive debt • Tax burden by poor & Louis’ abuse of power would plague his heirs & set stage for revolution

11. RussiaThe First Czar: Wow, he’s ugly • Ivan the Terrible • 1st to call himself “czar” • 1547-1560 – “good period” – won victories, added lands, code of laws, ruled justly • Terror • 1560-1584 – “bad period” – Ivan accused boyars (nobles) of poisoning his wife, Anastasia • Using secret police – executed boyars, their families, & peasants who worked their land • 1581 – killed oldest son – left only weak son to rule

12. RussiaThe First Czar: • Romanovs: • Ivan’s son died – period of turmoil w/ no leader • 1613 – leaders from Russian cities met to choose next czar – chose Michael Romanov • Begins Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Mikey!!! 

13. RussiaCzar Peter the Great: • Russia Different Than Europe: • Had looked to Constantinople for leadership • Mongols & geog. barriers had cut Russia off from Renaissance & Age of Exploration • Relig. Diff. – Russia was E. Orthodox; W. Euro. mostly Cath. or Protest. • Russia viewed them as heretics

14. RussiaCzar Peter the Great: • Peter Visits West: • Believed future depended on having warm-water port • 1697 – “Grand Embassy” – long visit to W. Europe • Goal: learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

15. RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: “For you know yourself that, though a thing be good and necessary, our people will not do it unless forced to.” - Czar Peter the Great • Reforms: • Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state control • ↓ power of great landowners • Modernized army by hiring Euro. officers who drilled soldiers in Euro. tactics w/ Euro. weapons • Paid for army improvements w/ heavy taxes

16. RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: • Westernization: • Introduced potatoes • Started 1st newspaper • ↑ women’s status • Ordered nobles to adopt Western fashion • Advanced Education - *believed this was key to Russia’s progress

17. RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: • St. Petersburg: • Wanted a seaport  easier to travel to the West • Fought Sweden for land on Baltic Sea • Had St. Petersburg built on a piece of swampy land • Estimated 25,000 – 100,000 people died in the effort to build it

18. EnglandDefying Parliament: • James I (1603-1625): • Struggled w/ Parliament over $ • Agreed to new trans. of Bible

19. EnglandDefying Parliament:  Charlie! • Charles I (1625-1649): • Forced to sign Petition of Right: • Not imprison subjects w/o due cause • Not levy taxes w/o Parl.’s consent • Not house soldiers in private homes • Not impose martial law during peacetime • Set forth idea that law was higher than king

20. EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649): • Background/Causes: • Parl. passed laws to limit royal power – king outraged – arrested Parl. leaders – mob began to form • Loyal to Charles – Royalists/Cavaliers • Puritan supporters of Parliament – Roundheads

22. EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649): • Result: • Roundheads win • Oliver Cromwell: • Roundhead General • Tried, beheaded Charles for treason - 1649 • Est. commonwealth (repub. form of gov’t)

23. SpainSpanish Empire: “His smile and his dagger were very close.” - Phillip’s court historian • Philip II: • Seized Portugal (no heir) – now had empire that circled the globe • Emp. gave him lots of wealth • Felt duty was to defend Catholicism

24. SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada: • Background: • Philip launched Armada in attempt to punish Protest. Eng. & Queen Eliz. I, who supported Protest. subj. who rebelled against Philip

25. SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada: • What Happened: • Spanish Armada defeated • Impact: • Seriously weakened Spain

26. SpainSpanish Art and Literature: • El Greco (“the Greek”): • Showed deep Cath. faith of Spain • Velasquez: • Court painter for Philip IV of Spain  • Cervantes: • Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605) • Birth of modern European novel

27. SpainEmpire Weakens: • Inflation: • 2 causes: • Spain’s pop. ↑ • Silver bullion flooded marked  value ↓ • Taxes: • Spain’s nobles don’t pay; burden on lower classes  never dev. middle class • Bankruptcy: • Finance wars = Spanish kings borrowed $ • Philip declared Spain bankrupt 3 times

28. SpainDutch Revolt and Dutch Prosper: • 1579 – 7 N. provinces of Protest. Netherlands – united, declared ind. from Spain • Art: • Rembrandt – painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants • Trade: • Stability of gov’t  concentration on econ. growth • Dutch E. India Co. – dominated Asian spice trade

29. PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Causes: • Lutheran & Cath. princes tried to gain followers • Split in 2 leagues • Spark: • Ferdinand II (HRE) closed some Protest. churches, Protest. in Bohemia revolted

30. PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Hapsburg Wins: • 1st 12 yrs • Haps. armies crushed troops hired by Protest. princes • Hapsburg Losses: • Protest. drove Haps. armies out of N. Germany

31. PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia: • Weakened Spain & Austria (Haps.) • Strengthened France • German princes ind. of HRE • Ended religious wars • New method of peace negot.

32. PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Results: • Trade & agric. disrupted • Germany’s econ. ruined • Treaty recognized Euro. as a group of ind. states • Beginning of modern state system

34. AustriaGrows Stronger: • Austrian Haps. reconquered Bohemia – wiped out Protestants • Cent. gov’t; created standing army

35. AustriaMaria Theresa: • Charles VI convinced leaders of Europe to sign agreement  Maria heir to all Haps. territories • Faced yrs of war – main enemy: Prussia

36. PrussiaRise: • Army of 80,000 men paid for w/ perm. taxation • Weakened rep. assemblies of their territories • Became rigidly controlled, militaristic society

37. PrussiaFrederick the Great: “…the fundamental role of governments is the principle of extending their territories.” - Frederick the Great • Military policies, softened some laws • Encouraged religious toleration, legal reform • Ruler should be a father to his people

38. PrussiaWar of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Over Silesia (bordered Prussia) • Hungary & Britain helped Maria Theresa – stopped Prussian aggression • Prussia became major European power

40. PrussiaSeven Years’ War (1756-1763) • Fought in Europe, India, & N.America • No change in territory in Euro. • British real victors • France lost colonies in N.Am. • Britain gained sole econ. domination in India

42. EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government: • Thomas Hobbes: • All humans naturally selfish & wicked • Gov’ts need to keep order • Social Contract: • Ppl had to hand over rights to strong ruler in exchange for law & order • B/c ppl acted in own self-interest, ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control (abs. monarchy) • Changing Idea:

43. EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government: • John Locke: • Criticized abs. mon.; for self-gov’t • People had 3 nat. rights – life, liberty, property • Gov’t purpose  protect these rights • If they don’t, ppl have right to overthrow it • Gov’t’s power comes from consent of the ppl • His ideas = foundations of modern democ.

44. EnlightenmentPhilosophes: • Core Beliefs: • Reason - Truth through reason & logical thinking • Nature – what is natural is good & reasonable • Happiness – seek well-being on earth • Progress – society/humankind could improve • Liberty – Liberties won in Glorious Rev. & Bill of Rights

45. EnlightenmentPhilosophes: “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” - Voltaire • Voltaire: • Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of relig. & speech • Montesquieu: • Sep. of powers – no 1 group could gain total control of gov’t (checks & balances) • Rousseau: • Only good gov’t is one formed by ppl & freely governed by “general will” of soc. (dir. democ.) “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” - Rousseau

47. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Belief in Progress: • Success of Sci. Rev. = confidence human reason could solve soc. prob. • Urged end to slavery, promoted social equality, democratic gov’t • Secular Outlook: • Non-religious; questioned religious beliefs & teachings of church • Wanted to rid relig. faith of superstition & fear & promote relig. tolerance • Importance of Individual: • Looked to selves instead of church or gov’t • Use own ability to reason to judge right from wrong

48. EnlightenmentIdeas and Art: • Diderot: • Encyclopedia – collection of artic. & essays from leading scholars – spread Enlightenment ideas • Neoclassical: • “New classical”; borrowed themes from Greece & Rome • Music & Literature: • Classical music – Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven • Writers wrote novels – lengthy works of fiction

49. EnlightenmentMonarchies: • Enlightened Despot: • Rulers embraced new ideas & made reforms reflecting Enlightenment spirit • Frederick the Great (Prussia): • Granted relig. freedom, ↓ censorship, improved edu., reformed justice sys., abolished use of torture; did nothing to end serfdom “A ruler is only the first servant of the state.” - Frederick the Great

50. EnlightenmentMonarchies: • Joseph II (Austria): • Legal reforms, freedom of press & worship, abolished serfdom & ordered peasants be paid w/ cash • Catherine the Great (Russia): • Comm. often w/ Voltaire • Put together commission to allow religious toleration, abolishing torture & capital punish. • Commission didn’t accomplish these goals