International Waters: Sanitation

1. International Waters: Sanitation Jasmine Anderson, Zach Dahl, Noah Hurley, Ellie Mayne, Maia Palma, Sarah Sinnott

2. Historical Context: Sanskrit and Egyptians • Sus’rutaSamhita, Sanskrit writings from 2000 B.C. • Boiling water over fire • Dipping a heated iron into it • Filtered through sand and gravel • Egyptians allowed “impurities” to settle to the bottom of the liquid, spooned it out and stored in containers

3. Historical Context: • Hippocrates 460-354 B.C. • “Father of medicine” • Cloth bag to strain boiled rain water • A Spartan lawgiver from ninth century B.C. • Cup designed to hide badly colored water • Caused mud to stick to sides • Greeks and Romans • Hid the taste by adding macerated laurel, bruised coral, or pounded barley

4. Historical Context: • Lucas Antonius Portius • Multiple sand filtration method • Three sand filters, each with downward and upward-flow filter • 1st water treatment plant in Paisley, Scotland in 1804 • Used sand and gravel filters • Distributed through horse and cart • Sand water filters used throughout 19th century London

5. Geographical Context • Bodies of water • Aral Sea • Black Sea

6. Geographical Context: Aral Sea • In far-west Asia • East of Caspian Sea • Countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan • Disappearing • Polluted by fertilizer • Polluted by weapon residue

7. Geographical Context: Black Sea • Inland sea • Between far-southeastern Europe and the far western edges of the continent of Asia and Turkey • 2 important rivers flow in: Darube and Dnipro • 436,400 sq. km • Primary highway for the transport of energy • Busiest waterways

8. Major Players: Being Affected • The majority of water scarceness is found in South America and the Eastern hemisphere where third world countries are unable to pay for any accessible clean water that they can drink. • World-wide, 900 million people lack access to water that is safe for them to drink, which is 1 in 8 people around the world. • 4,500 children die a day from water-borne illnesses, more than tuberculosis and HIV-AIDS. • An American taking a five-minute shower uses more water than a typical person in a developing country slum uses in a whole day.

9. Major Players: Being Affected • Places currently most affected by lack of sanitary water: • Chile • Sub-Saharan Africa • Bolivia • South Africa

10. Major Players: Causing Problems • Nestle: Companies like Nestle have complete control over underground aquifers and streams. This causes controversy because technically, the ground water is owned by whoever owns the land the rivers run through; in 2002 a judge ruled that Nestle could continue pumping water. • UNICEF: UNICEF is an organization that works through fundraising to provide children and people with health care, clean water and emergency relief.

11. Sources of Conflicts: As seen in Flow • Water Privatization • Charges expensive water prices many cannot afford • Leads to the use of free water found in the community • Often Polluted • Containing disease Control of a communities water = Controlling Cost of Water

12. Sources of Conflict: Polluted Water Unsanitary water can lead to widespread diseases Typhoid E. Coli Salmonella Cholera Hepatitis A Dysentery Parasites

13. Sources of Conflict: Disease • 80% of diseases are caused by unsanitized water and unsafe hygiene • Many of these illnesses are preventable • UNICEF reports that 1.5 million children die a year from unclean water

14. Source of Conflict: Undeveloped Nations • Pollution isn’t the biggest problem • Many nations across the world are undeveloped and have not constructed a clean water system • Roughly 1/4 of the worlds population does not have access to sanitary water.

15. Sources of Conflict: Use of Polluted Water • The reason: • Only water available

16. UNICEF: World Water Day • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXR4Z_NBD-E

17. Solutions: Desalinization Pros Cons • Turns sea water into clean drinking water • A constant and reliable source for water • Expensive to power and maintain • Does not generate enough water alone to meet demand

18. Solutions: Desalination (cont.) • Desalination is a process that is completely independent from rainfall or water sources. • The downside is that the energy needed to produce water is high making the process cost-ineffective. • The people who are affected depends on the producer

19. Solutions: Ionic Water Treatment Pros Cons • Effective and more efficient than other methods • Cleans mine water • Uses less power to run • Less labor to maintain • Only works on water saturated with minerals and heavy metals • Is a big machine • Not mobile • Costs money to manufacture and to ship

20. Solutions: Large Scale Ozone Water Treatment • For large cities and dams ozone can be used to purify the water supply. • The downside is that ozone takes a large amount of electrical power to run.

21. Solutions: Chloramines • Chemicals used to purify drinking water. Used in major water systems (i.e. pipes) as a secondary disinfectant. • Packets of these chemicals can be issued or sold to people to purify the water they gather

22. Solutions: Delivering Water • Clean water can be delivered via truck or anywhere water is donated • Good for small communities • Can be cheap and reliable • Will be clean water

23. Solutions: Increased Regulation • A vigilant watch needs to be kept on water sources to prevent them from being polluted • The water sources that are polluted need to be cleansed. • This will most likely cost more for the individual countries but there will be long term benefits.

24. Solutions: Short Term • Short term solutions would be solutions that can be supplied within days or weeks of need. • Water delivery • Donated water or supplied water • Chemical packets • Enables people to purify water that they gather; best used on water filled with pathogens

25. Solutions: Long Term • Increased regulation of pollution will help supply clean water in the long term. • Using powerful systems such as ozone water treatment in water management facilities when treating water on a large scale for a large populace.

26. Impact on the U.S. • At least 36 states are anticipating local, regional or state wide shortages by 2013. (Even under non- drought conditions) • About 772 communities have combined sewer systems, causing sewage over flow and pollutes the water. • Ground water is being consumed faster that it’s being replenished. • An American taking a 5 minute shower uses more water than a typical person in a developing country slum uses in a whole day.

27. Impact on the U.S. (cont.) • The number of closing and advisory days at ocean, bay and Great Lakes beaches topped 18,000 for the fifth consecutive year. • This survey happened in a 20 year period, confirming that most of the beaches in the U.S. are suffering dearly. • The illnesses associated with polluted beach water include conditions such as skin rashes, pinkeye, respiratory infections, meningitis and hepatitis.

28. The Impacts We See: