Introduction, Part I

1. Introduction, Part I Positioning of EC and the basic EC metaphor Historical perspective Biological inspiration: Darwinian evolution theory (simplified!) Genetics (simplified!) Motivation for EC What can EC do: examples of application areas Demo: evolutionary magic square solver Introduction

2. You are here Introduction

3. Positioning of EC • EC is part of computer science • EC is not part of life sciences/biology • Biology delivered inspiration and terminology • EC can be applied in biological research Introduction

4. Charles Darwin 1809 - 1882 “Father of the evolution theory” John von Neumann 1903 –1957 “Father of the computer” Alan Mathison Turing 1912 - 1954 “Father of the computer” Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 “Father of genetics” Fathers of evolutionary computing Introduction

5. EVOLUTION Environment Individual Fitness PROBLEM SOLVING Problem Candidate Solution Quality Evolutionary Computing: the Basic Metaphor Fitness  chances for survival and reproduction Quality  chance for seeding new solutions Introduction

6. Historical perspective 1: The dawn of EC • 1948, Turing • proposes “genetical or evolutionary search” • 1962, Bremermann • optimization through evolution and recombination • 1964, Rechenberg • introduces evolution strategies • 1965, L. Fogel, Owens and Walsh • introduce evolutionary programming • 1975, Holland • introduces genetic algorithms Introduction

7. Historical perspective 2: The rise of EC • 1985: first international conference (ICGA) • 1990: first international conference in Europe (PPSN) • 1993: first scientific EC journal (MIT Press) • 1997: launch of European EC Research Network (EvoNet) Introduction

8. Historical perspective 3: The present of EC • 3 major conferences, 10 – 15 small ones • 3 scientific core EC journals + 2 Web-based ones • 750-1000 papers published in 2001 (estimate) • EvoNet has over 150 member institutes • uncountable (meaning: many) applications • uncountable (meaning: ?) consultancy and R&D firms Introduction

9. Common model of evolutionary processes Organic evolution: • Population of individuals • Individuals have a fitness • Variation operators: recombination, mutation • Selection towards higher fitness: “survival of the fittest” Open-ended adaptation in a dynamically changing world Introduction

10. Darwinism Basic idea of (rephrased) Darwinism: Evolutionary progress towards higher life forms = Optimization according to some fitness-criterion (optimization on a fitness landscape) Introduction

11. Darwinian evolution • Fitness: capability of an individual to survive and reproduce in an environment • Adaptation: the state of being and process of becoming suitable w.r.t. the environment • Natural selection: reproductive advantage by adaptation to an environment (survival of the fittest) • Phenotypic variability: small, random, apparently undirected deviation of offspring from parents Note: fitness in natural evolution is a derived, secondary measure, i.e., we (humans) assign a high fitness to individuals with many offspring. Introduction

12. Adaptive landscape metaphor (S. Wright, 1932) Example landscape for two traits Introduction

13. Adaptive landscape metaphor (cont’d) Selection “pushes” population up the landscape Genetic drift: random variations in feature distribution (+ or -) by sampling error Genetic drift can cause the population “melt down” hills, thus crossing valleys and leaving local optima Introduction

14. Natural Genetics • The information required to build a living organism is coded in the DNA of that organism • Genotype (DNA inside) determines phenotype (outside) • Genes   phenotypic traits is a many-to-many mapping • Small changes in the genetic material give rise to small changes in the organism (e.g., height, hair colour) • Within a species, most of the genetic material is the same Introduction

15. The DNA Building plan of living beings: DNA • Alphabet: Nucleotide bases purines A,G; pyrimidines T,C • Structure: Double-helix spiral • Information is redundant, purines complement pyrimidines and the DNA contains much rubbish Introduction

16. Nucleotide base triplets (codons) Amino acids mapping Genetic code For all natural life on earth, the genetic code is the same ! Introduction

17. transcription translation DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription, translation A central claim in molecular genetics: only one way flow GenotypePhenotype GenotypePhenotype Lamarckism (saying that acquired features can be inherited) is thus wrong! Introduction

18. Example: Homo Sapiens • Human DNA is organised into chromosomes • Human body cells contains 23 pairs of chromosomes which together define the physical attributes of the individual: Introduction

19. Reproductive Cells • Gametes (sperm and egg cells) contain 23 individual chromosomes rather than 23 pairs • Gametes are formed by a special form of cell splitting called meiosis • During meiosis the pairs of chromosome undergo an operation called crossing-over Introduction

20. Crossing-over during meiosis Chromosome pairs link up and swap parts of themselves: Before After After crossing-over one of each pair goes into each gamete Introduction

21. Fertilisation Sperm cell from Father Egg cell from Mother New person cell Introduction

22. Mutation • Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) • This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent • This can be • catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) • neutral: new feature not influences fitness • advantageous: strong new feature occurs Introduction

23. Genetic information vocabulary & hierarchy Introduction

24. Motivation for EC 1 Nature has always served as a source of inspiration for engineers and scientists The best problem solver known in nature is: • the (human) brain that created “the wheel, New York, wars and so on” (after Douglas Adams’ Hitch-Hikers Guide) • the evolution mechanism that created the human brain (after Darwin’s Origin of Species) Answer 1  neurocomputing Answer 2  evolutionary computing Introduction

25. Motivation for EC 2 Fact 1 Developing, analyzing, applying problem solving methods a.k.a. algorithms is a central theme in mathematics and computer science Fact 2 Time for thorough problem analysis decreases Complexity of problems to be solved increases Consequence: Robust problem solving technology needed Introduction

26. Classification of problem (application) types Introduction

27. What can EC do • optimization • e.g. time tables for university, call center, or hospital • design (special type of optimization?) • e.g., jet engine nozzle, satellite boom • modeling • e.g. profile of good bank customer, or poisonous drug • simulation • e.g. artificial life, evolutionary economy, artificial societies • entertainment / art • e.g., the Escher evolver Introduction

28. Illustration in optimization: university timetabling Enormously big search space Timetables must be good “Good” is defined by a number of competing criteria Timetables must be feasible Vast majority of search space is infeasible Introduction

29. Introduction

30. Illustration in design: NASA satellite structure Optimized satellite designs to maximize vibration isolation Evolving: design structures Fitness: vibration resistance Evolutionary “creativity” Introduction

31. Introduction

32. Illustration in modelling: loan applicant creditibility British bank evolved creditability model to predict loan paying behavior of new applicants Evolving: prediction models Fitness: model accuracy on historical data Evolutionary machine learning Introduction

33. Illustration in simulation:evolving artificial societies Simulating trade, economic competition, etc. to calibrate models Use models to optimize strategies and policies Evolutionary economy Survival of the fittest is universal (big/small fish) Introduction

34. Illustration in simulation 2:biological interpetations Incest prevention keeps evolution from rapid degeneration (we knew this) Multi-parent reproduction, makes evolution more efficient (this does not exist on Earth in carbon) 2nd sample of Life Picture censored Introduction

35. Illustration in art: the Escher evolver City Museum The Hague (NL) Escher Exhibition (2000) Real Eschers + computer images on flat screens Evolving: population of pic’s Fitness: visitors’ votes (inter- active subjective selection) Evolution for the people Introduction

36. Demonstration: magic square • Given a 10x10 grid with a small 3x3 square in it • Problem: arrange the numbers 1-100 on the grid such that • all horizontal, vertical, diagonal sums are equal (505) • a small 3x3 square forms a solution for 1-9 Introduction

37. Demonstration: magic square Evolutionary approach to solving this puzzle: • Creating random begin arrangement • Making N mutants of given arrangement • Keeping the mutant (child) with the least error • Stopping when error is zero Introduction

38. Demonstration: magic square • Software by M. Herdy, TU Berlin • Interesting parameters: • Step1: small mutation, slow & hits the optimum • Step10: large mutation, fast & misses (“jumps over” optimum) • Mstep: mutation step size modified on-line, fast & hits optimum • Start: double-click on icon below • Exit: click on TUBerlin logo (top-right) Introduction