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Enzyme in diagnosis BCH 221

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Enzyme in diagnosis BCH 221

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    1. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Enzyme in diagnosis BCH 221 Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

    2. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq The presence of elevated enzyme activity in the plasma may indicate tissue damage that is accompanied by increased release of intracellular enzymes

    3. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Alteration of plasma enzyme levels in disease states Plasma enzymes as diagnostic tools, Isoenzymes and diseases of the heart For example, the plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK) are commonly determined in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. They are particularly useful when the electrocardiogram is difficult to interpret, such as when there have been previous episodes of heart disease

    4. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Enzymes in Major Diagnostic Use Enzyme Disease Acid phosphatase Prostate cancer Alkaline phosphatase Liver and bone disease Amylase Acute pancreatitis Aspartateaminotransferase Liver and heart disease Alanineaminotransferase Viral hepatitis Creatininekinase Muscle disorders and myocardial infarction Lactate dehydrogenase Myocardial infarction Lipase Acute pancreatitis

    5. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Serum E in Disease Acid phosphatase: a tumour marker in prostatic carcinoma. •Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):an indicator of hepatocellular damage. •Alkaline phosphatase: increase in cholestatic liver disease and is a marker of osteoblast activity in bone disease. •Amylase:an indicator of cell damage in acute pancreatitis .•Aspartate aminotransferase(AST):an indicator of hepatocellular damage, or as a marker of muscle damage, such as a myocardial infarction (MI) .•Creatine kinase:a marker of muscle damage and acute MI.• ?-glutamyl transpeptidase:a sensitive marker of liver cell damage. Lactate dehydrogenase:a marker of muscle damage.

    6. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq CoEnzyme Organic, heat stable molecules. Needed by someE for their function. Take part in enzyme catalysis. Many obtained as water soluble vitamins. ApoE + CoE?HoloE (inactive)(Active) •2 Groups: Those involved in H Transfer. Those involved in transfer of groups other than H. (?CoE serve as carriers of specific functional groups

    7. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

    8. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq

    9. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Metals as cofactors Metalloenzymes •ApoE + Metal ?HoloE (active) •Prosthetic group : if the metal is linked strongly to the E molecule. •Some metals present in active site and play a role in the catalysis mechanism

    10. Dr. Samina Hyder Haq Metal ions as catalyst Metal ion catalysis. Metal ions can function catalytically in several ways. For instance, a metal ion may serve as an electrophilic catalyst, stabilizing a negative charge on a reaction intermediate. The metal ion may generate a nucleophile by increasing the acidity of a nearby molecule, such as water in the hydration of CO2 by carbonic anhydrase Finally, the metal ion may bind to substrate, increasing the number of interactions with the enzyme and thus the binding energy. This strategy is used by NMP kinases

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