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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community

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Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community

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  1. Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New ComputingBen Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu)Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies &Systems ResearchUniversity of Marylandben@cs.umd.edu

  2. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

  3. Scientific Approach(beyond user friendly) • Specify users and tasks • Predict and measure • time to learn • speed of performance • rate of human errors • human retention over time • Assess subjective satisfaction(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) • Accommodate individual differences • Consider social, organizational & cultural context

  4. Design Issues • Input devices & strategies • Keyboards, pointing devices, voice • Direct manipulation • Menus, forms, commands • Output devices & formats • Screens, windows, color, sound • Text, tables, graphics • Instructions, messages, help • Collaboration & communities • Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org useit.com

  5. Library of Congress • Scholars, Journalists, Citizens • Teachers, Students

  6. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) • Doctors • Surgeons • Researchers • Students

  7. NASA Environmental Data • Scientists • Farmers • Land planners • Students

  8. Bureau of Census • Economists, Policy makers, Journalists • Teachers, Students

  9. NSF Digital Government Initiative • Find what you need • Understand what you FindUMd & UNC www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/

  10. Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

  11. Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think • Visual bandwidth is enormous • Human perceptual skills are remarkable • Trend, cluster, gap, outlier... • Color, size, shape, proximity... • Human image storage is fast and vast • Opportunities • Spatial layouts & coordination • Information visualization • Scientific visualization & simulation • Telepresence & augmented reality • Virtual environments

  12. Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry

  13. Current Research - TimeSearcher • Time series • Stocks • Weather • Genes • User-specified patterns • Rapid search

  14. Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

  15. An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man • Combined science & art • Integrated engineering & esthetics • Balanced technology advances & human values • Merged visionary & practical

  16. Mona Lisa

  17. Lady with Ermine & Leda with Swan

  18. Remarkable Drawing Skill

  19. Faces of Old Men

  20. Anatomical Drawings

  21. Machine Gun and Giant Crossbow

  22. Why Leonardo Inspires Us He integrated - Scientific outlook - Practical technology - Artistic skill

  23. Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

  24. 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration • Goal - make computer usage less frustrating • Identify top ten frustrations • Measure severity & frequency in lost time • Determine if the situation is improving • Related areas • Errors • Time delays • Emotional reactions

  25. 1) Frequent frustrating experiences Networking & Web

  26. 1) Frequent frustrating experiences Application & System Crashes

  27. 1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (64 UMD & 47 Towson) • Pre-session survey: • demographic information • computer experience and attitudes • level of computer anxiety, mood • Users spent 1 hour & report their frustrating experiences • Post-session survey: • assess mood after the session • overall frustration level • loss of time Florida Institute of Technology (e3.se.fit.edu:5335/ufs)

  28. Internet Applications Operating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35) crashes (16) long download time (23) freezes (24) wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) email (15) crashes (13) unexpected message boxes (6) 1) Results

  29. Email OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes 1) Minutes lost – UMD & Towson Total minutes lost: 4250 Total minutes: 9485 UMD 902 877 568 3652 7968 294 1513 Towson 353

  30. 1) Next Steps • Validate results with other users • professional • elderly • novice • Develop more precise monitoring software e.g. www.bugtoaster.com • Explore ways to improve: • Online help & help desks • Customer service & online communities • Education & training • Software & interface re-design

  31. 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/

  32. 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/

  33. 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment • User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. • Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access • Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000

  34. 3) Useful: Generative Theories Predictive & explanatory theories are useful, but the big step forward will be  generative theories Theories of human needs to guide our invention of new technologies

  35. 3) Theories of Human Needs • Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness • Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear • Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs • Physiological • Safety • Love • Esteem • Self-Actualization • Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy

  36. 3) Human Needs for Relationships Relationships • Self: working on your own • Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates • Colleagues & Neighbors:50-5000 acquaintances • Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more

  37. 3) Human Needs for Activities • Activities • Collect: Information • Relate: Communication • Create: Innovation • Donate: Dissemination

  38. 3) Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

  39. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate

  40. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate

  41. 3) Future Directions • E-learning: The new education • E-business: The new commerce • E-healthcare: The new medicine • E-government: The new politics • Mega-creativity • Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

  42. Getting to the Golden Age of Usability • Action Items • Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods • Web producers: Develop UU statements • Managers: Provide responsible leadership • Journalists: Raise public expectations • Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements • Funders: Expand research on usability • Educators: Disseminate scientific results • Researchers: Explore bold new visions

  43. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

  44. The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 20th Anniversary – May 29-30, 2003 www.cs.umd.edu/hcil

  45. ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.

  46. 1) Results UMD Towson • Frustrating experiences: 228 145 • Top problem sources: • web browsing • email • system (OS) • word processing • other internet use • video/audio software • chat and instant messaging • Top 3 approaches • knew how to solve • unable to solve • figured out • file browsers • programming tools • spreadsheet programs • graphic design programs • presentation software • database programs • hardware • Bottom 3 approaches • consulted manual/book • consulted online help • restarted the program

  47. 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment • Universal Usability Statement • Browser Requirements • Basic System Requirements • Input Devices • Display • Audio/Video • Network Connection • Access for users with disabilities • Diverse Users • User support • Contact Information www.universalusability.org

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