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“Eastern “Europe- 600-1450 C.E. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY. Byzantium: The Legacy of Rome. The Roman Empire Divided in 294. Constantine’s City -- Constantinopolis. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles. Who will inherit the Keys to Christendom?.
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“Eastern “Europe- 600-1450 C.E. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Byzantium: The Legacy of Rome
St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles Who will inherit the Keys to Christendom?
The Jewish Diaspora
The Essene Community at Qumran Dead Sea Scrolls
The Jewish Diaspora Where do the Jews go?
Eastern Europe 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. The Byzantine Empire to the rise of the Slavs
Themes in “Eastern” Europe • Expansion by conquest and Trade • Bulgars, Slavs, Magyars, Mongols, Vikings, etc. • Navigable rivers and plains • Strong Byzantine Legacy in many areas
Eastern Europe, 4th -7th c. • Monastic life flourished in this area as Christianity (Byzantine or Eastern Orthodoxy) spread • Greek and Latin influences gave way to Slavic languages: Cyrillic Alphabet • Rome (Vatican) and Byzantine would compete in spreading their religions and cultural traditions • Legacies of this conflict/divide are still felt today but the Empire was in decline
Arabia: A Threat to the Great Empires and religions ?
The Rise of Arabs, Bulgars, & Turks • Bulgars arrived in the 5th century and began to exert pressures on Byzantium. See Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars • The Byzantines had faced invasion in Asia Minor for centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, in particular, first the Sassanid Persians and then the Muslim Arabs launched major offensives into the region. • Disintegration of the Byzantine Empire as the permanent settlement of Anatolia by the Seljuks, a Turkish people between the 11th – 13th century. • Though the Arabs were successful in conquering many Byzantine territories during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, they were ultimately unsuccessful in establishing themselves in western Anatolia or the Balkans that would come with the Ottomans.
Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars. 680-1335 • Struggle with the See of Rome (Catholic Church) continued, spurred by the question of religious supremacy over the newly Christianized Bulgaria. • This prompted an invasion by the powerful Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I in 894, but this was pushed back by Byzantine diplomacy, which called on the “help” of the Hungarians • The Byzantines were in turn defeated and forced to pay annual subsides to the Bulgarians
Basil II r. 976-1025 • The Bulgar Slayer
Basil II r. 976-1025 • Made the submission of the Bulgarians his primary goal. Basil's first expedition against Bulgaria, however, resulted in a humiliating defeat. • For the next few years, the emperor would be preoccupied with internal revolts in Anatolia, while the Bulgarians expanded their realm in the Balkans. • The Byzantine victories of Spercheios and Skopje decisively weakened the Bulgarian army, and in annual campaigns, Basil methodically reduced the Bulgarian strongholds. • Eventually, at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 the Bulgarians were completely defeated.
Basil II- The Bulgar Slayer • The Bulgarian army was captured, and it is said that 99 out of every 100 men were blinded, with the remaining hundredth man left with one eye so as to lead his compatriots home. • When Tsar Samuil saw the broken remains of his once gallant army, he died of shock. • By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered, and the country became part of the Empire. This victory restored the Danube frontier
Rome lives on… • During most of its existence, it remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses • Most notably during the Roman-Persian and Roman (Byzantine) -Arab Wars. The Empire recovered during a Macedonian period rising again to become a preeminent power in the Eastern Mediterranean by the late 10th century, rivaling the Fatimid Caliphate in Northern Africa.
Schism • After Arab peoples conquered most of SW Asia, the influence of the patriarchs in Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch declined, and only Constantinople and Rome remained as principal Christian centers. • While there were political strains, the schism is mostly religious and theological. • Icons, Practice, God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit • Autonomy (Constantinople) v. Primacy (Vatican) • 1054 C.E.-the patriarch and the pope mutually excommunicated each other • Creation of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths
After the Schism • After 1071, much of Asia Minor, the Empire's heartland, was lost to the Seljuk Turks. • The Komnenian restoration regained some ground and briefly reestablished dominance in the 12th century, but following the death of Andronikos I Komnenos in the late 12th century the Empire declined again. • The Empire received a near mortal blow in 1204 from the Fourth Crusade, when it was dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms.
Influence and Challenges of Byzantium • As its Mediterranean influence waned, Byzantium turned its attention to eastern Europe and Russia. • Political, commercial, and cultural ties to Slavic peoples. • Like elsewhere, generals and local aristocrats started to rebel against imperial rule. Free peasantry numbers started to decline and thus the Byzantium’s military system and tax receipts. • During the 12th and 13th centuries, the Normans (Scandinavians from Normandy) and other western European peoples mounted a series of crusades to take back the Holy Lands.[1204-1261 control of Constantinople]
Byzantium and Eastern Europe • With the sack of Constantinople and the rise of the Turks from the east, Byzantium started to move north. • A weakened Byzantium led to Slavic peoples to take advantage. The Serbs, Croats, and Bulgars all established kingdoms in this vacuum. • North of Bulgaria another Slavic people began to organize large states: the Russians. The Dneiper, Don, and the Volga trade helped to connect Scandinavia and Byzantium. • One of the most important cities at this time was Kiev. About 989 Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity and in time Byzantine art and architecture dominated Kiev and other Russian cities.
Kievan Rus • History of Rus' proper begins in 882, when the capital was moved from Novgorod to Kiev, after Varangians (Vikings), who were called Rus, liberated this slavic city from the Khazars' tribute. • The state reached its zenith in the mid 11th century, when it encompassed territories stretching south to the Black Sea, east to Volga, and west to the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. • The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054) constituted the "Golden Age" of Kiev, which saw the introduction of Christianity and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda ("Justice of Rus").
Kievan Russia • Russian Orthodox Church • Legal traditions and written law codes • Trade and financial resources • 30,000+ people living in Kiev alone • Mongols invade and force many Russians north
Kievan Rus • Coinciding with the end of the Viking age, the state declined beginning in the later 11th and during the 12th century, disintegrating into various rival regional powers. • It was further weakened by economic factors such as the collapse of Rus' commercial ties to Byzantium due to the decline of Constantinople and the falling off of trade routes, and it finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1230s
