SUSTAINABILITY, EUROPEAN CORRIDORS AND ENLARGEMENT „ILLUSTRATING THE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM IN CEE”

1. SUSTAINABILITY, EUROPEAN CORRIDORS AND ENLARGEMENT„ILLUSTRATING THE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM IN CEE” Tamás Fleischer MTA Világgazdasági Kutatóintézet http://www.vki.hu/~tfleisch/ tfleisch@vki.hu Course for Sustainability Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Szentendre, 10th of October, 2006

2. Sustainability, European Corridors and Enlargement • (1) Corridors (TEN) in western Europe were based on the internal demand of the area, namely on the necessity of the interconnection of well developed national networks (“Single network to the single market”) • (2) In the eastern part of Europe the starting point was external: the extension of the TEN network toward the east. Their priority is exaggerated in countries where internal connections also would need enforcement • (3) Furthermore, in Hungary interregional corridors are planned in a mistaken structure, strengthening the earlier single-centred hierarchy

3. Sustainability, European Corridors and Enlargement • Introduction. The importance of the network levelapproach • Spatial dimension of sustainability • What do the transport network can do? • About the motorway networks • Conclusions, summary

4. Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides temporal relations of sustainability, we also have to underline the spatial interconnections • UN Bruntland report (Our Common Future 1987) definition of sustainable development “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” • The general sustainability approach focus on the time dimension of sustainability; taking care on the environmental conditions of the future generations (inter-generation solidarity) • Also important to speak about the spatial conditions of sustainability as spatial solidarity and spatial interdependence - or intra-generation solidarity and spatial self-defence • Inter-generation connection is a one-way relation: our responsibility for future generations, - they can’t do anything for us...

5. Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides temporal relations of sustainability, we also have to underline the spatial interconnections • Intra-generation relation is a two-ways relation: the activity of others can also effect our circumstances and possibilities. We have to count on their solidarity, but this is not enough, we must also do for defending our environment. Sustaining our activity in a changing environment out of thesolidarity we need also a kind of self-defence. • The key concept is: „space of places” and „space of flows” (Castells, Manuel 1996 The Rise of the Network Society - The InformationAge).Space of places is our physical environment that has meaning and importance for us, with its order, culture, rules, and internal structures. Space of flows is the field of force: the effects arriving from outside. This latter is not a continuous space, but space of individual effects.

6. Spatial dimension of sustainability Besides temporal relations of sustainability, we also have to underline the spatial interconnections • Sustainability is also a fight for control over space out of control over time. “Space of places must retain its autonomy and its meaning independently from the evolution and dynamics of the space of flows” (Castells) • Castells do not want to exclude external impacts and do not deny the possibility of internal changes, just underlines that too rapid and too sudden external effects not serve, but rather disintegrate internal relations and structures. - defence is needed against.

7. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Above terms can be translated to economic and transport relations using terms asprovision, (connections of the ‘space of places’) and. accessibility, through traffic and by-passing. (trajectories of the ‘space of flows’) (Fleischer T. Regions, borders and networks Tér és Társadalom 2001/3-4). Different network relations relative to a region Source: After Plogmann (1980), with own additions

8. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • The existence of a proper internal network is the precondition of the harmonised operation of a region. • A main target of the transport is to make prosperous the world of the starting and destination points in a region - and not the “good transport” in itself. • The physical networks of a region reserve the paths of earlier connections as a memory, and make easier to sustain or create again similar relations.=>

9. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The different network patterns of the western and the eastern side of the Polish railway network Source: Ray, Violette: (1991) Borders versus Networks in Eastern Central Europe. Flux, Vol.1. No.3.

10. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The 20% of Polish gminas with lowest own income per capita, 1998 Source: Gorzelak G – Jalowiecki B (2002) European Boundaries: Unity or Division of the Continent? Regional Studies, Vol.36. No.4.

11. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • The pattern of the internal structure is determining, whether a given region becomes prosperous. • In case of strictly hierarchical structures the nods are in key positions as the flows are not able to avoid them. The consequences are rigidity, vulnerability and the lack of flexibility. • The importance of a grid structure is, that different points of a region are helped to be at a more equal position, that is it decreases (and not increases) the differences owing to their position.=>

12. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The distinction between centripetal and centrifugal networksSource: Rodrigue, J-P (1998-2003), Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University

13. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • The multi-directionality and multi-laterality of the accessibility is of basic importance for the development of a region. • Among the external relations a difference has to be taken between large scale backbone relations and neighbour (co-operation) relations. (Later is an extension of the internal provision relations) => • The symmetry or the asymmetry of the impacts depend on the difference in the development of the interconnected regions. Interconnecting to each other developed and less developed regions, it is to be considered that what measure and tempo of the external changes is bearable for the less developed structure.

14. What do the transport network can do?Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing Source: Az országos közúthálózat 1991-2000 évekre szóló-fejlesztési programja 1991, KHVM. Road numbering since 1975 – the first signal of corridors

15. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

16. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

17. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

18. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

19. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

20. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN

21. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing Source: http://www.khvm.hu/EU-integracio/A_magyarorszagi_TINA_halozat/Image11.gif The Helsinki, or pan-European transport corridors

22. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Effects of the EU Common Transport Policy (1992) on the Eastern region: the dominance of the „space of flows”. • Hungarian Transport Policy (1996): in spite of the well-balanced five strategic objectives, the ‘promotion of the integration to the EU’ has got a dominant role - especially in an interpretation as if the key element of the integration would be the urgent construction of the main corridors. This understanding overstresses the interregional level of relations (supporter of the ‘space of flows’) within a multi-layered system at the cost of the inter-village and inter-urban relations (that is the carrier of the ‘space of places’) .

23. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • European Interest 1 – the extension of the TEN network toward the East was rather the extension of the east-west corridors of the TEN than the extension of the grid itself. It reflected the Fifteen’s interest rather than the general interest of the enlarged European Union. • European Interest 2 – during the adaptation of the EU (CTP) prioritiesthe transition countries overestimated the significance of the TEN (supranational) level in territorial cohesion. Without good local networks the expected advantages can not penetrate into the local economy, to achieve cohesion – so good local network is a general interest. • European Interest 3 – the structure/pattern of the inter-regional networks within Hungary follow an over-centralised structure that is also a barrier in the development of the adaptive capacity of the country.

24. TINA – the extension of Pan-European Network • TINA – Transport Infrastructure Needs Assessment • (There Is No Alternative) • 1995 – methodological help for 11 joining countries1999 final document main network = Pan-European corridors+ additional network (suggested by the given countries)

25. Pan-European network – the extension of TEN Source: A 8. sz. főút fejlesztési feladatai... UKIG Hálózatfejlesztési Főosztálya 2000. szept. 13 Helsinki corridors and TINA-network with further suggestions

26. TIRS – the extension of the TINA network • TIRS – Transport Infrastructure Study in Balkans • 2002 – 7 countries ALB, B-H, BG, CR, SR-M, MAC, RO ( now 8 ) • BG and ROthe basic network be identical to TINA corridors • In the other countries EIB Western Balkans Transport Infrastructure Inventory – 223 projects • Cathegorised from the point of view of financibility

27. TIRS – the extension of the TINA network Helsinki- or Pan-European transport corridors in TIRS area

28. REBIS – the extension of the TIRS network • REBIS – Regional Balkans Infrastructure Study • 2003 – 5 countries ALB, B-H, CR, SR-M, MAC, ( by now 6 ) • Target again the search for rentable projects • …but this time the TIRS process was revised, newly analised • 20 projects were selected.

29. REBIS – the extension of the TIRS network • REBIS – Regional Balkans Infrastructure Study The REBIS area (pre-feasibility study)

30. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • The through traffic has to be transmitted across a region with the minimal possible disturbance of the internal circumstances.Central position of a country is a positive endowment, similar to those kind of advantages as the richness in raw materials of a region. Transit can’t be excluded but:- Must make an end of the myth of the quantity („more transit- would be more benefit”)- Better modal split consideration necessary in serving the transit,- The through and the local interest traffic should be separated in its system. (What is happening in Hungary is just the opposite =>)

31. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The secondary road network of Hungary reserved the imprint of the cart tracks connecting villages

32. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The main road network created a new structure and interconnected towns to each other

33. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The new inter-regional road system didn’t create a new structure, but has been built on the main roads

34. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing Hungary plans to lead the transit traffic through its most heavily loaded areas that would need rather protection

35. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing The objective is, that the through traffic should cause but minimal disturbance to the life of the country in the areas it crosses. Therefore it should(a) interconnect the border-points given on the pan-European network, (b) cross the country with minimal overall length,=> (c) avoid the ecologically sensitive, the densely inhabited, the, traffic laden areas, =>(d) encourage the use of means and modes of transport that pollute the less, (e) enable the payment of the costs of transit by those crossing the country.

36. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Avoidance of ecologically sensitive areas (or sensitive because of traffic or social reason) get more and more stress.Example: Austrian plan to defend the lake Fertő (Neusiedler)Counter example: construction of the motorways in Hungary along the lake Balaton (Plattensee),Planned system of pan-European corridors across the area of the Hungarian capital.

37. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing Forrás: A 8. sz. főút fejlesztési feladatai... UKIG Hálózatfejlesztési Főosztálya 2000. szept. 13 Helsinki corridors and the additive elements of the TINA-network

38. What do the transport network can do? Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing • Model of an effective inter-regional corridor system in Hungary Main elements: three east-west corridors, four north-south corridors and additional rectangular elements. The model also demonstrate two sensitive areas, the resort area of lake Balaton and the conurbation of Budapest as avoidable zones for transit. Thick line shows the suggested crossing of the country by the two most important pan-European corridors (No. 4-and No. 5)

39. A possible inter-regional corridor network structure in Hungary

40. A possible inter-regional corridor network structure in Hungary

41. A possible inter-regional corridor network structure in Hungary

42. A possible inter-regional corridor network structure in Hungary Forrás: Fleischer Tamás – Magyar Emőke – Tombácz Endre – Zsikla György (2001): A Széchenyi Terv autópálya-fejlesztési programjának stratégiai környezeti hatásvizsgálata. 109 p. A Budapesti Közgazdaságtudományi és Államigazgatási Egyetem Környezettudományi Intézetének tanulmányai, 6. szám. Sorozatszerkesztő Kerekes Sándor és Kiss Károly. Budapest, 2001 december

43. And the official motorway network development plan „Sztrada express” GKM 2003

44. Patkó Károly: Útjavítók (1928)

45. Summary of the general findings • Among the aspects of a sustainable transport system, the lecture picked out those relating to a network system. • Focusing on the spatial dimension of sustainability we stressed the impor-tance of the spatial self-defence in calming the effects of externally led quick changes. Internal networks, internal structure, improvement of spatial adaptivity - these are considered to be the key-elements of the spatial sustainability. • Transport networks have important role inreserving the internal structure. Physical networks reserve as a memory the structure of earlier internal (economic, social) relations, and are able to conserve these relations. • Now-a-day we see the construction of a new relation level. The motorway corridors planned actually are not fit to the network requirements of the sustainability. Their priority suborders the other elements of a multi-functional and multi-layer system; beyond that the corridors in themselves are planned in a mistaken structure both internationally and within Hungary.

46. SUSTAINABILITY, EUROPEAN CORRIDORS AND ENLARGEMENT„ILLUSTRATING THE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM IN CEE” Tamás Fleischer MTA Világgazdasági Kutatóintézet http://www.vki.hu/~tfleisch/ tfleisch@vki.hu THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION ! Course for Sustainability Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe Szentendre, 10th of October, 2006