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GEO 565 Options

GEO 565 Options. Option 1 - Term Paper Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series) Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the web Choose which option you want by Tue., January 20th Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 5:00, Fri., March 13th NO EXTENSIONS!.

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GEO 565 Options

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  1. GEO 565 Options • Option 1 - Term Paper • Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series) • Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the web • Choose which option you want by Tue., January 20th • Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 5:00, Fri., March 13th • NO EXTENSIONS!

  2. GEO 565 Term Paper (1) • 20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and references • MS-word doc sent by email preferred • flexible on subject matter of paper • specify and follow a scholarly journal format!! • specify key words • points will be subtracted if these specifications are omitted

  3. Suggested Content • look at current uses of GIS in your area of interest • other fields • identify potential for furthering research • research/management questions • describe a study in progress (proposal?)

  4. GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3) • MUST be web-based • Don’t know HTML? Don’t panic! Resources will be available - it’s easy! • Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 5:00 p.m. • See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html

  5. GEO 565 Project (2) • Find your own data, do an analysis and create the maps using ArcGIS or other GIS • Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th • Detailed instructions and examples at dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html • Must STILL complete Labs 1-6 • 10 pages: writeup, flow chart + maps • Due 8:00 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam

  6. Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1 What is GIS?What is GIScience?

  7. Some Basic GIS Concepts... • Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story. • A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps • maps at different scales, projections, colors • … not simply for STORING maps or images. • In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are created.

  8. An Analysis Tool... • for every piece of data it specifies: • what it is • where it is • how it relates to other pieces of data • things in common • see spatial relationships or create NEW relationships

  9. Geographic Information System • Container of data • Container of maps • Inventory of geographically distributed features and facilities • Computerized tool to automate time-consuming tasks • Analysis tools for solving geographic problems • Spatial decision support system • Method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic information

  10. Software People Data Network Procedures Hardware Geographic Information System • Organized collection of • Software • Hardware • Network • Data • People • Procedures

  11. Major Questions for a GIS: • What exists at a certain location? • Where are certain conditions satisfied? • What has changed in a place over time? • What spatial patterns exist? • What if this condition occurred at this place? (modelling, hypothesis testing)

  12. For example... Toxic Substance Locations: District 24 District 16 14 George Boulevard Proposed School Locations: 124 Elm Street 35 White Road

  13. School Locations Toxic Substances

  14. Information on the World • How it looks – Form or Pattern • How it works – Process • Knowledge about process more valuable than form, because can be used to predict • GIS combine • General scientific knowledge in software • Specific information in databases

  15. Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009

  16. Major Questions for YOU... • What ARE my questions? • How much data do I need and of what quality? • How can I combine my data to answer my questions?

  17. The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience) • Think about a place or a topic ... • Ask a question about it ... • Analyze data to make a map ... • Explore the patterns that appear ... • Enhance the data or modify the analysis ... • Ask a new question … • Repeat ...

  18. Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

  19. Defining GIS • Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines. • map coordinates, • database, • computer-based link between them. • All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps.

  20. Geographically-referenced data • Latitude and longitude • Street address • x and y coordinates • Range and township • Location shown on a map

  21. The Data Model • A conceptual description (mental model) of how data are organized for use by the GIS • GISs have traditionally used either “field”or“object”data models

  22. Grid extent Grid cell s w o R Resolution Columns A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data Structure.

  23. Rasters are Faster... • maps directly onto computer memory structure (array). • easy to understand, read, write, draw

  24. Rasters are Faster... • natural for scanned or remotely sensed data. • continuous surfaces (e.g., topography) • spatial analytical operations are faster. • compression is easier

  25. Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009

  26. An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data Structure • Object data model evolved into the arc/node variation in the 1960s. • Points in sequence build lines. • Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the points. • Lines in sequence build polygons.

  27. Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes

  28. Object/Vector Feature Types Feature Type Single Part Multi-Part Point Line Area Annotation H I G 10 H W Y A

  29. Vectors and Topology • Vectors without topology are “spaghetti” structures. • Points, lines, and areas • stored in their own files, with links between them. • stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and left and right polygons). • Relationships are computed and stored

  30. Topology Graphic 2, -7, 5, 6

  31. “ Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are Correcter... ” • Vectors can represent point, line, and area features very accurately. • Far more efficient than grids. • Work well with GPS receivers. • Not as good with continuous phenomena.

  32. Flat File Vector-based line 4753456 623412 4753436 623424 4753462 623478 4753432 623482 4753405 623429 4753401 623508 4753462 623555 4753398 623634 Raster-based line Flat File 0000000000000000 0001100000100000 1010100001010000 1100100001010000 0000100010001000 0000100010000100 0001000100000010 0010000100000001 0111001000000001 0000111000000000 0000000000000000 Rasters and Vectors Now YOU!

  33. Attributes and their Types • Nominal, e.g., land cover class • Ordinal, e.g., a ranking • Interval, e.g., Celsius temperature • Differences make sense • Ratio, e.g., map scale • Ratios make sense • Cyclic, e.g., wind direction

  34. Attributes in a Database • Attribute data are stored logically in flat files. • i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows and columns, like a spreadsheet.

  35. Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other Systems • provides links between points, lines, areas, grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database • provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of • spatial data • “spatially intelligent” - “thinks” points, lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earth’s surface - e.g., switching projections, computing distances

  36. GIS “Layers,”“Themes,”“Overlays”

  37. Analysis or “Geoprocessing”

  38. GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business. • annual software revenues top $1 billion, increasing ~14% yearly • ESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for 1/2 of industry total • GIS industry now at $7 BILLION

  39. Open Source GISquantum GIS - qgis.orguDIG - uDIG.refractions.netGRASS - grass.itc.it

  40. GIS as an approach to science Geographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS. “the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities.” (Goodchild, 1992)

  41. “GISci” “GIScience” “GIS & T” • Geographic information science • U.S., geography, UCGIS • to GIS as statistics is to the statistical packages • The science behind the systems • Fundamental issues arising from use • The science that is done with the technology • Systematic study of geographic information using scientific methods

  42. A New Discipline? • Symptoms of a science • journals, terms, books, conferences, departments, heroes, cultural artifacts • grand challenges • What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking? • “As young man, my fondest dream was to become a geographer. However, while working in the customs office I thought deeply about the matter and concluded that it was far too difficult a subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to physics as a substitute.”

  43. GIS Remote Sensing Cartography Surveying (Geomatics) Geodesy (GPS) Landscape Ecology Statistics Mathematics Computer Science Information Science Operations Research Management Science Psychology, Sociology More … GIScience - Contributing Disciplines

  44. GIS, GIScience, GIS & T • GISystems (GIS) • Emphasis on technology and tools • GIScience (GISci), GIScience & Technology (GIS & T) • Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies (e.g.) • Spatial analysis • Map projections • Accuracy • Scientific visualization

  45. Major Journals/Mags. • International Journal of Geographical Information Science • Cartography and Geographic Information Science • Transactions in GIS • Geospatial Solutions • GEOWorld

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