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Shakespeare

Shakespeare. Shakespeare lived 1564 - 1616 He wrote 38 plays. His plays can be divided into COMEDIES, TRAGEDIES and HISTORIES. Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are both TRAGEDIES. Hamlet. Hamlet’s death is caused by a “fatal flaw.”

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Shakespeare

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  1. Shakespeare • Shakespeare lived 1564 - 1616 • He wrote 38 plays. • His plays can be divided into COMEDIES, TRAGEDIES and HISTORIES. • Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet are both TRAGEDIES.

  2. Hamlet • Hamlet’s death is caused by a “fatal flaw.” • He is indecisive and cannot follow through with his promise to kill his uncle.

  3. Romeo and Juliet • Romeo and Juliet are DOOMED from the start. • It is their FATE to die at the end.

  4. Plays • Plays are not intended to be read, they are intended to be watched. • It is ALWAYS better to watch a play in a theatre than to read it.

  5. Novels • In the 18th Century reading novels started to become a popular form of entertainment.

  6. Daniel Defoe • Daniel Defoe lived 1660 -1731. • He wrote Robinson Crusoe in 1719 • He also wrote Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722), A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) and Roxana (1724).

  7. Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe

  8. First English Novel? • Some people say that Robinson Crusoe is the FIRST ENGLISH NOVEL. It is certainly one of the earliest. • It is about a man who is shipwrecked and ends up living on a desert island all alone.

  9. Narrative Style • Robinson Crusoe is written in the FIRST PERSON, using “I” • Crusoe speaks to the reader in a casual manner, as if the reader is his friend to whom he is telling the story of his life.

  10. True Story? • In his introduction, Daniel Defoe says that the story of Robinson Crusoe is true. • In 18th century people liked the idea of reading true stories of exciting lives. • It is partly based on the true story of Alexander Selkirk. • But most of the story is fictional.

  11. Going to Sea • As a young man Robinson Crusoe is desperate to go to sea. • “That boy might be happy if he stay at home, but if he goes abroad he will be the most miserable wretch that was ever born.”

  12. Made a Slave • Robinson is captured and spends two years as a slave. • He escapes and takes a boy named Xury with him. • Later he gives Xury away as a gift.

  13. In Brazil • In Brazil Robinson becomes a successful tobacco planter and for three years he lives in Brazil. • However when the opportunity to travel to Guinea to buy slaves comes up, he is eager to take it.

  14. Slavery • Though Robinson has been a slave himself, he has no problem with buying slaves.

  15. Shipwrecked! • On the way to Guinea his boat is shipwrecked somewhere in the Caribbean. • He is the ONLY survivor • He is washed up on an island. • He will live there for 28 years.

  16. The Ship • Robinson is able to bring lots of useful things to the island from the wreck of the ship.

  17. Journal • For as long as Robinson has a supply of ink, he keeps a journal. • The middle part of the novel is extracts from this journal. • It is another way that Defoe makes the story seem true.

  18. Life on the Island • Over the years Robinson builds himself two homes. • He grows crops and keeps goats for meat and milk. • He makes himself tools and clothes. • He explores the island.

  19. King? • Robinson starts to think of himself as a king of the island, even though he is all alone. • He likes to think about what he “owns” there.

  20. Colonialism • CONOLIALISM is the extension of a nation's power over land beyond its borders. • This is done by the establishment of COLONIES in which indigenous populations are directly ruled, displaced, or exterminated.

  21. America • Just before Defoe’s birth the first colonies had been established in America by English settlers. • They believed that all the natural resources they found there were now English property.

  22. Loneliness • Though there are no people, there are some tame animals on the island to keep Robinson company. • He teaches a parrot to speak, and this is only “human” voice that Robinson hears.

  23. Religion • Over his time on the island, Robinson starts to develop a new relationship with God. • The only book he has to read on the island is the bible.

  24. Footprint • One day, after about 11 years alone on the island Robinson discovers a footprint in the sand. • He is terrified, believing it to be cannibals or the Devil.

  25. Cannibals • Cannibals are humans that eat humans. • Cannibals come to Robinson’s island to eat their prisoners.

  26. Friday • Robinson saves one of the cannibal’s victims. • He calls him “Friday” because this was the day that he saved his life.

  27. Master and Servant • Robinson Crusoe never doubts that he will be Friday’s Master. • It does not occur to him that they may simply be friends.

  28. New “Subjects” • One day the cannibals return, bringing two new victims. • Friday and Robinson save them and they turn out to be a Spaniard and Friday’s father. • Robinson describes them as his “subjects.”

  29. A ship to England • A ship arrives at the island. • The crew have MUTINIED. • Robinson helps the captain to regain control of his ship and they leave for England.

  30. Puritan • Daniel Defoe was a puritan. • He believed that God’s word was best understood by studying the word of the bible. • This is why Robinson Crusoe spends time on the island reading the bible.

  31. The Shortest Way with Dissenters 1702

  32. Dissenters • English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England in 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. • They opposed State interference in religious matters, and founded their own communities. • Daniel Defoe was a dissenter.

  33. The Shortest Way With Dissenters • The Shortest Way With Dissenters is a SATIRE on persecutors of dissenters • It sold well among the ruling Anglican elite until they realised that it was mocking their own practices. • As a result, Defoe was publicly pilloried—his hands and wrists locked in a wooden device—in 1703, and jailed in Newgate Prison.

  34. Satire • SATIRE is when a writer says one thing, but means the exact opposite. • Often people use satire to make important political points.

  35. It is cruelty to kill a snake or a toad in cold blood, but the poison of their nature makes it a charity to our neighbours, to destroy those creatures! not for any personal injury received, but for prevention; not for the evil they have done, but the evil they may do! Serpents, toads, vipers, &c., are noxious to the body, and poison the sensitive life: these poison the soul! corrupt our posterity! ensnare our children! destroy the vitals of our happiness, our future felicity! and contaminate the whole mass!

  36. Newgate Prison • Defoe was imprisoned at Newgate for writing this satirical pamphlet.

  37. Gulliver’s Travels • Gulliver’s Travels is another novel about a man who goes on an adventure.

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