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Black Freedom Struggle

Black Freedom Struggle. 1950s and 1960s. Some Events of the Black Freedom Struggle. 1954: Brown v. Board of Education 1955: Murder of Emmet Till 1955: Rosa Parks arrested 1956: Montgomery bus boycott 1957: “Little Rock Nine” 1960: Lunch-counter sit-in, North Carolina 1961: Freedom rides

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Black Freedom Struggle

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  1. Black Freedom Struggle 1950s and 1960s

  2. Some Events of theBlack Freedom Struggle • 1954: Brown v. Board of Education • 1955: Murder of Emmet Till • 1955: Rosa Parks arrested • 1956: Montgomery bus boycott • 1957: “Little Rock Nine” • 1960: Lunch-counter sit-in, North Carolina • 1961: Freedom rides • 1963: Murder of Medgar Evers • 1963: March on Washington

  3. 1955 Murder of Emmet Till Mose Wright

  4. 1955 Rosa Parks Arrested

  5. 1956 Montgomery bus boycott

  6. 1957 “Little Rock Nine”

  7. Lunch counter sit-ins

  8. Freedom Rides

  9. 1963 Murder of Medgar Evers

  10. 1963 March on Washington

  11. Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases

  12. What did the Supreme Court do? • Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 • Baker v. Carr, 1963 (Warren felt this his most important decision) • It established the case for “one person one vote” for state legislatures as well as the House of Representatives • As a result, most states had to redraw electoral districts, thus making state legislatures more responsive to metropolitan interests.

  13. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), when accused criminals cannot afford to hire lawyers, states must provide them without charge • Miranda v. Arizona (1966), Court required officers to inform suspects of their rights upon arrest; and it overturned convictions based on evidence obtained by unlawful arrest, electronic surveillance, or without a search warrant.

  14. Selma to Montgomery Marches 1965

  15. Supreme Court often moved ahead of public opinion. • Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), ruled that a PA law requiring Bible reading and prayer in school violated the First Amendment principle of separation of church and state.

  16. Major Civil Rights legislation • Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteed access of all Americans to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting

  17. What did Congress do? • Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 opening of the War on Poverty • Voting Rights Act, 1965, banned literacy tests and ensured access to the voting booth • National Housing Act of 1968, authorized increase in funding for affordable housing • Civil Rights Act, 1968, banned discrimination in housing and jury service

  18. After passage of Civil Rights Act • Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle. • Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

  19. Radicalizing the Civil Rights Movement • Black protest moved from simply legal equality to economic equality. • It no longer held nonviolence as its basic principle. • Waves of urban uprisings in the 1960s, Watts in LA; Newark and Detroit in 1967, and DC in 1968.

  20. SNCC, Stokely Carmichael • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Among its leaders: James Lawson, Ella Baker, Stokely Carmichael

  21. CORE • Congress of Racial Equality • Organized Freedom Rides

  22. Malcolm X • Initially a member of the Nation of Islam, “black muslims”; called for separation from white society; • in 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and advocated working with integrationists • assassinated by three black muslims in 1965 at a Harlem rally.

  23. Black Panther Party • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale organized the Black Panther Party after an unarmed teen was killed in SF in 1966 • Founded in Oakland • White backlash to Black Panther Party

  24. Black Panther Party

  25. Feminism 1960s and 1970s

  26. During Kennedy’s “New Frontier” • President Kennedy established the President’s Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) in 1961 • First chairwoman: Eleanor Roosevelt • Equal Pay Act 1963

  27. During Johnson’s “Great Society” • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination based on gender in hiring and extended affirmative action to women. • It was not enforced, called a “fluke” • Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966

  28. NOW organizing committee, 1966

  29. Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm • First Black woman elected to Congress

  30. Women’s Liberation Movement • Inspired by successes of SNCC • More radical than NOW • Cellestine Ware founded New York Radical Feminists and called the predominately white leadership of women’s groups to work for issues of minority women.

  31. Ms. • Women’s magazine founded by Gloria Steinem

  32. ERA • Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972 • “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” • It was endorsed by President Nixon • It was never ratified

  33. Opponents • Conservative wing Republican Party • Spokewoman Phyllis Schlafly • She believed God predetermined women’s roles and that the Congress or legal structure should not regulate them

  34. Schlafly

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