Argumentation

1. Argumentation

2. To persuade the listener or reader to embrace a viewpoint • Convince the reader of the thesis • Logic and evidence • Form a thesis • ---evidence(p220) • ---connections(p222)

3. p225

4. 引言段，反拨段，论证三段和结论

5. practice • Teachers pay little attention to those school failures， assuming that academic failure means failure in everything. What do you think of this attitude？ Write a short argumentative essay （about 300 words） explaining your view.

6. 引言段：引出论点 This kind of attitude towards school failure is not appropriate for the full development of young students. • 　　反拨段：Academic failure is important among the school failures. For example， students' main task in school is to acquire knowledge and master skills. They are expected to have a good academic achievement. However， this emphasis is too much. • 　　正文段：1. Besides，there are other school failures deserving attention for the students' full development. • 　　正文段：2. Academic failure doesn't necessary lead to failure in everything. • 　　正文段：3. Academic success is not the only factor attributing to one's success. • 　　结论段：We need balance our attention to the school failures for the full development of the students.

7. 作文开头法 • 1.正反表态法：在第一段中把正反观点都表达出来，最有一句写自己的观点。1-2句对主题的介绍，3-4句正反两种观点，看法做一个描述，5句表达自己的看法。 • 2.让步法：先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。 • 3.背景法：适用于对一个现象分析时，至少为2句话。原因，后果，背景。背景介绍用3-4句话，第一段最后一句用几个单词概括一下。 • 4.提问试：要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形势提出。回答问题表达自己的观点，对自己的观点做个理由概述/先写出反方观点，对其做一个反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。

8. （一）段首句 1. 关于______人们有不同的观点。一些人认为______ There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，______，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，______；其次，______.更为糟糕的是______. Today， ____， which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First， ____ Second，____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，______很普遍，许多人喜欢______，因为______，另外（而且）______. Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，______也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

9. 6. 关于______人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）______，在他们看来，______ • People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them，_____. • 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题______，这个问题变得越来越严重。 • Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. • 8. ______已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 • ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. • 9. ______在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。 • ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. • 10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出______.很显然______，但是为什么呢？ • According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why？

10. 中间段落句 • 1. 相反，有一些人赞成______，他们相信______，而且，他们认为______. • On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____. • 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决______的好方法，比如______.最糟糕的是______. • But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___. • 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，______而且______，最重要的是______. • ______is necessary and important to our countries development and construction. First，______.What's more， _____.Most important of all______. • 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以______.。 • There are several measures for us to adopt. First， we can______ • 5. 面临______.，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来______.。一方面______.，另一方面，______. • Confronted[FS:PAGE] with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______

11. 6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说______.，另外______.。所有这些方法肯定会______.。 • It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition._____.All these measures will certainly______. • 7. 为什么______.？第一个原因是______.；第二个原因是______.；第三个原因是______.。总的来说，______.的主要原因是由于______. • Why______？ The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is______. For all this， the main cause of ______due to ______. • 8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，_______也有它的不利的一面，象_______. • However， just like everything has both its good and bad sides， ______also has its owndisadvantages， such as ______. • 9. 尽管如此，我相信______更有利。Nonetheless， I believe that ______is more advantageous. • 10. 完全同意_______这种观点（陈述），主要理由如下： • I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.

12. 结尾句 • 1. 就来讲我，我认为_______是合理的。只有这样做，我们才能_______ • For my part， I think it reasonable to ________. Only in this way can we _________. • 2. 总而言之，我相信_______，只要_______我们就能_______，正如古语说的好_______. • In conclusion， I believe that ______. We can _____ only if _______， just as a proverb says _____. • 3. 就我而言，我在某种程度上同意后一种观点。我认为_______ • As far as I am concerned， I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that______. • 5. 一言一避之，整个社会应该密切关注_______问题。只有这样，我们才能_______ • In a word， the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______. Only in this way can _________ in future.

13. 6. 人们开始意识到_______的重要性，他们已经开始尽最大努力_______我们相信______6. 人们开始意识到_______的重要性，他们已经开始尽最大努力_______我们相信______ • People are coming to realize to the importance of _______. They have begun to try their best to ________. We believe that_______. • 7. 总而言之，我们离不开_______但是同时我们必须尽力找出解决可能出现问题的新办法。All in all， we cannot live without_______. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. • 8. 随着社会的进步，_______因此，_______变的十分紧迫和必须。如果人人都为社会贡献自己的力量，社会将会越来越美好。 • With the development of society， _______. So it's urgent and necessary to ________. If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society， it will be better and better. • 9. 从上述讨论中，我们可以自然地得出这样的结论_______ • From what has been discussed above， we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that _________. • 10. 是到_______的时候了，这是一些可能立即实行的措施。 • It is high time that_________. Here are some of the measures that might be taken immediately.

14. 11. 解决_______问题的简易方法不是唾手可得。但是对_______的普遍认识[FS:PAGE]可能是超正确方向迈出的第一步。11. 解决_______问题的简易方法不是唾手可得。但是对_______的普遍认识[FS:PAGE]可能是超正确方向迈出的第一步。 • No easy method can be at hand to the problem of ________. But the common recognition of the importance of ______ might be the first step on the right way. • 12. 如果我们不能采取有用的方法来控制时态，一些不好的结果就会出现，因此我们应该做的是_______. • If we cannot take useful means， we may not control this trend， and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly， so what we should do is _____. • 13. 事实已经审查，利弊已经权衡，偏见已经抛弃，不难得出这个结论，那就是________ • When the facts are examined， its advantages and disadvantages weighed， and biased opinion cast away， it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that _______. • 14. 所有的证据确定了这样一个可靠的结论________ • All the available （reliable/conclusive/striking） evidence （analysis） confirms （warrants/points to/goes to/piles up to show） a sound idea （an unshakable view） that_______. • 15. 考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以得出结论_______ • Taking into account （Judging from） all these factors （evidence offered）， we may safely reach （come to/arrive at） the conclusion that ______……

15. 多元化有益于学习，也有益于人们接受其他事物。但是这也是一件颇具挑战性的工作。我有一些朋友，虽然他们或者毕业于顶级的名校或者工作于著名的大公司，他们仍然感到自己处于美国文化的边缘地带。这也许是因为他们了解的美国文化比主流美国人群体了解的更少。这种文化了解的不均衡也是大熔炉的一个消极方面。只有我们真正地融入它，我们才能真正地了解这种文化。多元化有益于学习，也有益于人们接受其他事物。但是这也是一件颇具挑战性的工作。我有一些朋友，虽然他们或者毕业于顶级的名校或者工作于著名的大公司，他们仍然感到自己处于美国文化的边缘地带。这也许是因为他们了解的美国文化比主流美国人群体了解的更少。这种文化了解的不均衡也是大熔炉的一个消极方面。只有我们真正地融入它，我们才能真正地了解这种文化。

16. The diversity is conducive to the learning environment. • However, it is necessary for people in this environment to be open and receptive to things which are different from theirs. • But this is the most challenging task to accomplish. • Some of my friends, even after graduating from the top schools and working very successfully in some famous companies or universities, still feel like outsiders to American culture. • This is perhaps because as minorities they know less of American culture than the mainstream Americans do. • This imbalance is surely the seamy side of the melting pot. • We will never get to know about this unless we are really in it.

18. First impression is really important. The way you greet people can set the tone for the entire interaction that follows. If you make a poor initial impression, you may spend the rest of your meeting trying to overcome it, but how do you make sure that your first impression is positive? Since you want to put your best foot forward with the right handshake, effective introductions and gracious greetings, how can you avoid embarrassing and potentially costly mistakes?

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