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What comes to mind when we think of QOL . . .

What comes to mind when we think of QOL . . . . Level vs. Standard vs. QOL. Level and standard of living. Level of Living Real experience faced by individual or group.

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What comes to mind when we think of QOL . . .

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  1. What comes to mind when we think of QOL . . .

  2. Level vs. Standard vs. QOL

  3. Level and standard of living Level of Living • Real experience faced by individual or group. • Formed by combinations of complex consumption, work environment, ownership, freedom, environment and many others (balanced and harmony). • Related to fulfilling needs and wants.

  4. Measurement of Level of Living Direct measure • consumption (resources that are actually used). Indirect measure (Proxy) • socio-economics variables. • income (wage from productive activity, transfer income, and other income)

  5. Relationship between Consumption & WB • More is better ?? • Gap between level and standard of consumption • Balanced consumption elements • Goal achievement gap • Social comparison gap • Best previous experiences gap

  6. Categories of Level of Living high ------ lowsuperior ------ inferiorexpensive ------ thriftyelaborate ------ simpleample ------ restrictedA well-balanced simple plane of living is much better as compared to an ill-balanced elaborate plane of living. The Amish: plain dress and resisting modern conveniences. Ghandi: using one's resources in the most minimal way so as not to deprive others." Islam: Prophet (PBUH) has not adopted the ways of the rich but embraced a simple way of life which is the mode of Fuqara' - poor people. Thus, he remained contented with simple food and had no relish for extravagant feasts.

  7. Standard of living Standard of Living • Level that family wants to achieve, achievement portrays success and failure causes frustration

  8. Quality of life (QOL) • Means a good life. A good life is the same as living a life with a high quality. • All religions and philosophies have a notion of a good life. Notions about a good life are closely linked to the culture of which you are a part. • The cultural conditioning makes us tend to include happiness, fulfillment of needs, functioning in a social context, etc.

  9. Definition of QOL • Is a product of interaction between various factors including social, health, economy, environment etc. • Generally: QOL is what make individual/ family/ community happy. • Can be defined from these aspects: • Physical: health, nutrition, basic needs and safety • Personal : work satisfaction, leisure, wealth, family and friends, availability of goods. • Community: fair government, freedom, equity, education for all.

  10. Aspects of quality of life

  11. Approaches in Examining QOL Basic needs approach. Looking into minimum level of living, it is defined from the aspects of health status, eating habits and literacy. Elements in basic need approach are life expectancy, literacy rate and income per capita. Human development approach Humans are important to achieve development goals and are the main sources for economics growth. Capability approach. The capability of someone to do something meaningful to achieve well-being which leads to a better life.

  12. Measurement of Quality of Life Types of measurement Subjectively – “good” feeling and satisfaction; Objectively – fulfilling social and cultural demand from the aspect of material, social status and physical well-being. Perennial measurement Three aspects of quality of life for complete achievement is material, intellectual and spiritual. Conventional measurement In the form of material and quantity (example: GNP). There is cost/limit to over materialism including polluting the environment and human achievement, in real world it means material is not everything.

  13. Comprehensive Model of QOL

  14. QOL: A System Model Perception/opinion Input Output Family and friends Work Neighborhood/ shelter Culture Quality of Life/ sense of wellbeing Demographic characteristics Community Health Socio-economic condition Education Spiritual Feedback

  15. Index and elements in measuring QOL

  16. Malaysian Quality of Life “Encompassing personal advancements, a healthy life style, access and freedom to pursue knowledge and a standard of living which surpasses the fulfillment of the basic needs of individuals and their psychological needs, to achieve a level of social well being compatible with nation’s aspiration” Malaysian Quality of Life 1999.

  17. Malaysian QOL Index

  18. Area and indicator of MQOL Index

  19. Area and indicator of MQOL Index

  20. Area and indicator of MQOL Index

  21. Physical Quality of Life Index(Morris) Encompassing literacy, infant mortality rate and life expectancy.

  22. Quality of life indicators, Life During Growth, (World bank). • Individual rights and democracy • Political stability and war • Education • Health • Transportation and Communication • Class and gender inequality • “BAD” Easterly, W. (March 1999).

  23. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  24. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  25. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  26. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  27. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  28. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  29. Quality of life indicatorsEasterly, W. (March 1999). Life During Growth, World Bank.

  30. The World Health Organization QOLInstruments

  31. The World Health Organization QOLInstruments

  32. Factors and Indicators of QOL

  33. Characteristics of ideal measurement for QOL • Dynamic, which means measurement that can show potential development as compared to only showing the current development status, • Measurement according to changes in human’s perception of development, • Taking into consideration the changes in main motivating power such as information technology.

  34. Household production • The production of goods and services by the members of a household; • For their own consumption • Using their own capital • Their own unpaid labor. • Goods and services produced by households for their own use include; • Accommodation • Meals • Clean clothes • Child care

  35. Process of household production • The transformation of purchased intermediate commodities (supermarket groceries and power-utility electricity) into final consumption commodities (meals and clean clothes). • Households use their own capital (kitchen equipment, tables and chairs, kitchen and dining room space) and their own labor (hours spent in shopping, cooking, laundry and ironing).

  36. Production/Consumption Model Input Production Commodity Consumption Well-being Good and servicesfor sale/ gift/ exchange Human Capital

  37. The who, what, where, when, why and how of a measure of consumption poverty

  38. Measurement issues • Sumbervsutiliti? • Apa yang bolehdicapaivsapa yang sebenarnyadicapai? • Aspekapa yang patutdiambilkira? Material, sosial, budaya, politik? Patutambilkirasebabkemiskinan • Bagaimanatentukangariskemiskinan • Mutlakvsrelatif? • Bolehdigunapakaipadamasyarakat lain • Objektifvssubjektif • value judgementmempengaruhidefinisi &pengukuran • Siapa yang patutmenentukan • Perbezaansistemekonomieg. Sosialis &kapitalis? • Bolehgunasatuindeks? • Bagaimanamemilihdimesi? • Bagaimanamenggabungkandimensi? Jangkapendekvsjangkapanjang • Individuvskeluargavssempadangeografi

  39. What difference a measure makes • Using consumption-based measures, in comparison with income-based measures • The levels of poverty and inequality tend to decrease • The WB of the elderly tends to increase relative to other groups (mainly due to the inclusion of a value for owner-occupied housing in the measure of consumption). • Consumption and income definitions have somewhat different implications for who is counted as poor. • A consumption resource definition will • include the people who are income-rich but consumption-poor (people who choose to spend at levels below the poverty threshold when they actually have incomes that would support consumption above that level). • exclude people who are income-poor (e.g., because they lost a job), but who sustain their consumption at a level above the poverty threshold (by spending from savings, borrowing from relatives, or charging to their credit cards). • An income resource definition will exclude people who have adequate income during the measurement period, whether they spend it or not.

  40. Masalahmengukurpendapatan

  41. Poverty Line Income Model household: One male and one female (aged 18-29), two boys aged 3 and 9, and a girl aged 5.

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