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Introduction & History

Introduction & History. GEO 410 Dr. Garver. What is remote sensing What is it used for History. The Concept of Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing to sense (v) - to feel, measure, detect, perceive remote (adj) - far away from a given place. What is remote sensing?.

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Introduction & History

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  1. Introduction & History GEO 410 Dr. Garver

  2. What is remote sensing • What is it used for • History

  3. The Concept of Remote Sensing • Remote Sensing to sense (v) - to feel, measure, detect, perceive • remote (adj) - far away from a given place

  4. Whatis remote sensing? • remote sensing (v) the science of deriving information about the earth's land, atmosphere and water areas from images acquired at a distance. • Relies on measurement of electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the features of interest.

  5. remote sensor or sensor (n) instruments which acquire remotely sensed information. • Remote Sensing: the science and art of obtaining useful information about an object, area or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. - Lillesand and Kiefer

  6. Remote Sensing • 1950s - term coined by Evelyn Pruitt • Geographer/oceanographer with U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). • Term was devised to take into account the new views from space obtained by the early meteorological satellites which were more "remote" from their targets than the airplanes that up until then provided aerial photos as the medium for recording images of the Earth's surface.

  7. Synoptic Main Entry: syn·op·ticFunction: adjectiveEtymology: Greek synoptikos, from synopsesthai 1 : affording a general view of a whole2 : manifesting or characterized by comprehensiveness or breadth of view3 : relating to or displaying conditions (as of the atmosphere or weather) as they exist simultaneously over a broad area

  8. Tornadoes - F-5 - largest and most powerful classification - winds 300 m/h. TGOES-East weather satellite produces images of most of U. S. every 30 min. in vis and IR wavelengths.

  9. Main Entry: res·o·lu·tion Pronunciation: "re-z&-'lü-sh&n”Function: noun the process or capability of making distinguishable the individual parts of an object, closely adjacent optical images, or sources of light. the point in a literary work at which the chief dramatic complication is worked out.

  10. What are R.S. Images Used For? • Unique view of our planet. • Remote sensing allows us to examine, in unprecedented detail, characteristics of our atmosphere, oceans, and land areas. • Use sensors to view the spectral and spatial relations of objects at a distance.

  11. 1. Atmosphere – weather forecasting

  12. 2. Land Areas

  13. 3. Oceans CZCS

  14. December 26, 2004 Tsunami from 9.0 earthquake Affected countries- India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Somalia.

  15. Digital globe owns QuickBird & WorldView 1 • high-resolution commercial satellites • highest resolution commercial imagery • panchromatic (black & white) imagery • 60-70 cm resolution • multispectral imagery • 2.4- and 2.8-m resolutions. • Details easily visible. • Imagery can be imported into r.s./GIS software for analysis. • Backdrop for mapping apps - Google Earth & Google Maps

  16. History • The term "photography" is derived from two Greek words meaning "light" (phos) and "writing" (graphien). • No one knows when humans first constructed a device that would record images by means of light

  17. 1490 - Leonardo da Vinci describes in detail the principles underlying the camera obscura (literally dark room).

  18. camera obscura  camera • Camera = Latin for “room”Obscura = Latin for “dark” • dark room/bright day-small hole in window cover-look at opposite wall.

  19. full color and movement of world outside the window — upside down. • light travels in straight line - some rays reflected from a bright objects pass through small hole - don’t scatter but cross and reform as upside down image on opposite wall. • this law of optics was known in ancient times.

  20. Camera Obscura

  21. camera obscura  camera • development took two tracks. • One led to the portable box device that was a drawing tool. • 17th and 18th c. artists aided by camera obscura. • Jan Vermeer, Canaletto, Guardi, and Paul Sandby • Beg. of 19th c. camera obscura was ready with little modification to accept a sheet of light sensitive material. • became the photographic camera. • Other track became camera obscura room • combination education and entertainment. • 19th c. - with improved lenses, camera obscura flourished at the seaside and in areas of scenic beauty.

  22. 1550- Cirolama Cardano first put optic on camera obscura for creating more quality image. • 1614 - Angelo Sala discovers that silver salts darken when exposed to sunlight.

  23. 1666 - Sir Isaac Newton, while experimenting with a prism, found that he could disperse light into a spectrum of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.  Utilizing a second prism, he found that he could re-combine the colors into white light. • 1676 - Johann Christopher Sturm, introduces the relax lens principle where by a mirror is mounted at a 45 degree angle that projects an image, the essential development that led to the modern single lens reflex camera.

  24. The First Photograph first photograph obtained by Joseph Nicephore Niepce of his French estate courtyard in 1827. Exposure lasted 8 hours. Put sheets of silver salts at back of camera obscura, known to blacken with daylight. Called these images “retinas“ .

  25. 1839 - Daguerre announces the invention of Daguerrotype which consisted of a polished silver plate, mercury vapors and sodium thiosulfate that was used to fix the image and make it permanent. • Later 1800s - William Henry Fox Talbotinvents a system of imaging on silver nitrate of silver chromate treated paper and using a fixative solution of sodium chloride. 

  26. 1830's - The invention of stereoscopes • The pictures used in the stereo views where in the form of "stereographs" which were two pictures of the same scene that were slightly offset and mounted side-by-side.

  27. 1850s- balloonists took pictures of ground using newly invented photo-camera. First known aerial photograph was obtained by Gaspard Felix Tournachon (Nadar) from a tethered balloon 1,700-ft. above Paris, France in 1858. Took first photographs in 1853 and in 1858 became the first person to take aerial photographs

  28. Oblique photograph obtained from the Hippodrome Balloon using a multiband camera. Also pioneered the use of artificial lighting in photography, working in the catacombs of Paris.

  29. photographic camera • Served as a prime remote sensor for more than 150 years. • Captures image of targets exterior to it by concentrating electromagnetic (EM) radiation (visible light) through a lens onto a recording medium. • Key advance occurred in 1871 - development of photographic negative. • Silver halide film remains the prime recording medium today. • Film displays objects by variations in brightness of gray levels (black and white) or color tones.

  30. Late 1800s – Early 1900s Pigeon fleet used to carry cameras

  31. Photograph of a castle taken automatically by a camera strapped on a pigeon in flight

  32. By the first World War, cameras mounted on airplanes, or handheld by aviatorsProvided aerial views of fairly large surface areas that were invaluable for military reconnaissance.

  33. Aerial photography - reconnaissance tool in WW I and II

  34. 1946 - Remote sensors in space began with photo-camera systems on captured German rockets. • Power and capability of launch vehicles big factor in determining what remote sensors could be placed as part of the payload. • Dawn of the Space Age – R. S. above the atmosphere (both Russian and American).

  35. 1957 - Soviet Union launched Sputnik I • World's first artificial satellite • Size of a basketball, 183 pounds • Ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. • Start of the space age and • U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.

  36. First ever U.S. satellite in Earth orbit designed to image and monitor weather. TIROS-1, launched April, 1960 soon after NASA came into existence. Image is considered the official start of remote sensing from satellites.

  37. First cosmonauts/astronauts used hand-held cameras. • 1960’s - Black and white TV-like images of Earth from meteorological satellites.

  38. First non-photo sensors were television cameras mounted on unmanned spacecraft to look at clouds. TIROS-1 Superimposed on cloud patterns is a generalized weather map; this kind of data display soon started to appear in television news broadcasts.

  39. 1961 - First American in Space?

  40. 1970's – matured - repetitive schedule instruments on • Skylab( then Space Shuttle) • Landsat-first satellite dedicated to mapping natural and cultural resources on land and ocean surfaces.

  41. Landsat • Set stage for other satellite systems • Demonstrated power & versatility of multispectral imagery* for observing Earth • Monitors natural & human made features over time. • Since 1972, six Landsats have been orbited successfully. *multispectral scanner-Scanner system that simultaneously acquires images of the same scene at different wavelengths.

  42. Landsat Missions Timeline

  43. Early Landsat image (Utah 1972)

  44. 1978 - radar imaging system main sensor on Seasat. First satellite designed for remote sensing of oceans with SAR. Mission - demonstrate feasibility of global satellite monitoring of oceans. Collect data on sea-surface, winds, SST, wave heights.

  45. 1980 - specialized sensors • Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) • Ocean color = biology • Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) • Vegetation cover, SST • Space shuttle (1982) - JPL's Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A). • Sea Surface Height

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