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Consolidation of European Powers

Consolidation of European Powers. Ch 13. I. Introduction. 1600’s-1700’s were a period of prosperity and decline Most European countries expanded their power and influence End of the period 5 countries came out on top Great Britain France Austria Prussia Russia. I. Introduction.

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Consolidation of European Powers

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  1. Consolidation of European Powers Ch 13

  2. I. Introduction • 1600’s-1700’s were a period of prosperity and decline • Most European countries expanded their power and influence • End of the period 5 countries came out on top • Great Britain • France • Austria • Prussia • Russia

  3. I. Introduction • Most of Europe followed two types of political organization • Netherlands, Swiss Cantons and Venice were republics • Parliamentary Monarch • England • Limited Monarch- King is head of state but limited through a constitution • Political Absolutism • France (King Louis XIV- “I am the state”) • King or dictator has absolute power • Power of monarch cannot be checked

  4. II. Netherlands • United Provinces of the Netherlands • Revolted from Spain 1572 • Were later able to hold their own in numerous naval battles against other European naval powers • Ruled by the House of Orange (William III of Orange (1650-1702) • Put fully in charge during times of war • Times of peace- States General (Republic) ruled with provinces maintaining autonomy

  5. II. Netherlands • Economy • Reclamation of land • Used for cash crops and cattle • Imported grain • Textiles • Herring • Middlemen for trading • Dutch East India Company • Became dominate in Indian trade • Dominated spice trade • (Until WWII)

  6. II. Netherlands • Economy • Early 1700s William III, stadtholder of Holland died • Provinces did not want a central authority • Resulted in downfall of navy • Resulted in decline of most sectors of the Netherland’s economy • Only saved economically by banks funding most of Europe’s trade

  7. III. England • James I of England (r. 1603-1625) • AKA James VI of Scotland • Mary Stuart’s son • Took over England after Elizabeth I died • Took over England when Parliament had to be summoned by the king • Avoided this through customs/ tariffs called impositions • On currants (berries usually dried) and tobacco • Ruled by putting court favorites in charge

  8. III. England • James I (continued) • Quarreled with Puritans over the Anglican church • Resulted in numerous Puritans leaving England • Plymouth Colony- Cape Cod Bay (1620 • Puritans left England for the Americas • Felt they could not gain religious freedom unless they went to the Americas • Felt Reformation had stopped in England

  9. III. England • Charles I (r. 1625-1649) • Son of James I • Renewed war with Spain • Used new taxes and fund it • Forced royal loans • Quartered troops in English homes • Resulted in Petition of Right 1628 • No taxation with out Parliament’s approval, no unjust imprisonment and no quartering troops in homes • Charles agreed to it but then dissolved parliament

  10. III. England • Charles I (continued) • Was accused of being to friendly with Catholics when made peace with France (1629) and Spain (1630) • More for financial reasons • Had to reconvene parliament for to fund a war against Scotland (over religion) • Short Parliament (April-May 1640)

  11. III. England • Charles I and the Long Parliament(1640-1660) • Parliament forced Charles to follow their rules • Only Parliament approved taxes • Parliament must meet no less than every 3 years • Parliament can only be dissolved with its approval • Radical members in parliament said Charles could not be trusted with army • Charles invades Parliament • Militia Ordinance- Parliament can raise its own army • Civil War between Cavaliers (Charles I) vs. Roundheads (Parliament) (1642-1646)

  12. III. England • The End of Charles I • Charles lost the war • Tried to subvert power from Parliament and tried to raise a new army • Oliver Cromwell and Parliament created an act allowing a king to be tried by Parliament • Charles was then behead on January 30, 1649 • The monarch, House of Lords and the Anglican Church was abolished • Only the House of Commons was left • Ruled by Oliver Cromwell • Became a military dictator- Very strict government

  13. III. England • Charles II (r.1660-1685) • Son of Charles I • Fled to France as a teen, with mother, during civil war • Came back to England in 1660 after Oliver Cromwell’s death • Was a Catholic in secret and allied himself with Louis XIV • Considered untrustworthy by parliament • Able to rule without parliament for the last few years of his rule • Used custom duties to fund his rule

  14. III. England • Glorious Revolution • James II (1685-1688) takes over after his father’s death • Put a number of Catholic’s in office and dissolved Parliament • Everyone waited for him to die so Mary II could take over • He had a son which ruined their plan • Invited William of Orange to take over England • James flees and William is unopposed • William of Orange (III) and Mary II took over only after signing the English Bill of Rights • Also limited Catholics (can’t be kind)

  15. III. England • George I (1714-1727) • Took over after William III as a result of the Act of Settlement • Throne given to House of Hanover (Germany)in event of no heirs • Throne was contested by James Edward Stuart • Defeated • Rule was weak until Sir Robert Walpole came into the picture • Became Premier under George I (acted as a Prime-Minister) • Brought stability and “ran Parliament” • During this time both the king and other government officials were accountable to public opinion • Were openly opposed and questioned • Free Speech

  16. IV. France • Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) • Was able to take total control due to Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin who helped centralize France’s government • Helped revoke the Edict of Nantes • Overstepping power resulted in nobles rebelling in the Fronde (1649-1652) • Forced to subvert power less openly • Was manipulative • Put people of no personal power in charge • Kept political institutions and “consulted” with them

  17. IV. France • Louis XIV (continued) • Made everything extravagant • Had Versailles built (1676-1708) • Temple to Royalty or the Sun King • Nobles lives revolved around Louis and his life at court • Had to pay to stay there • Ruled by “divine right” • Only God could judge the king • “I am the state” • Allowed local rule but could not contradict his rule

  18. IV. France • France under Louis • Was superior in comparison to other European nations • Larger population • Elaborate Bureaucracy • Very unified (propaganda) • Massive standing army • Better weapons • Sought to “strengthen” (expand) borders in along the north • Was repressive in regards to religion • Jansenist (Strict Catholics that opposed Jesuits- Man is corrupt and can do no good) • Strictly persecuted which went against Gallican Liberties • Turned some of the government against he monarch

  19. IV. France • After Louis XIV • Louis XV was a weak ruler • Allowed the Parlements to gain more power • Later resisted the authority of the king • Lost many battles • Rule was plagued with a number of scandals • Suffered a economic decline

  20. V. The Others • Poland • Ruled by a king- elected by the nobles • Never picked from the nobility- usually from other countries • King John Sobieski III- exception • Legislative body known as Seim/Diet • Required unanimous agreement or resulted in Exploding the diet • Eventually gets divided up amongst Russia, Poland and Turkey

  21. V. The Others • Austria • Ruled by the Hapsburgs • Isolated after 30 Years’ War • Continued to be called the HRE • Power was political and based on support from princes • Expanded eastward • Leopold I gained Hungary from the Ottoman Turks

  22. V. The Others • Prussia • Gained prominence after the Treaty of Westphalia • Hohenzollerns gained territory by inheritance • Originally ruled Brandenburg (Territory surrounding Berlin) • Eventually expanded through military force • Became very militaristic under Frederick William I • Did not use military for defensive purposes • Frederick II (The Great) used it to expand his territory

  23. V. The Others • Russia • Was originally the laughing stock of Europe • Romanov Dynasty • Started under Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)- elected as Tsar • Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) • Sought to increase the power of tsarand the military • Brutally suppressed any rebellions • Against Boyars (nobles) and Streltsy (military of the nobles) • Or his son Aleksei

  24. V. The Others • Russia Continued • Peter the Great • Europeanized Russia • Culture and military • Built a stronger navy • Great Northern War • Fought with Sweden to gain a warm water port on the Black Sea • Gained territory in Estonia, Livonia and Finland • Placed the Orthodox Church under control of the Tsar

  25. V. The Others • The Ottoman Turks • Dominant Muslim power from 1516 on • Controlled a huge expanse of terrritory • Ruled by Sultans • Divided government into Millets (religious government communities • Ulama (Relgious Scholars) interpreted Shari’a law • Janissaries- Slave soldiers who were trained to use firearms • Very loyal • Power declined • Dutch and Portuguese infringed on Trade • Sultans became pleasure seeking and allowed Viziers to rule • Eventually became the sick man of Europe- kept to balance power

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