Chapter 11: Feeding the World

1. Chapter 11: Feeding the World

2. Nutrition • Food Security • Macro vs. micro nutrients • Malnutrition • Undernutrition • Overnutrition • WHO | Obesity and overweight • Malnutrition and Gender Inequality

3. Protein Energy Malnutrition • Marasmus • Kwashiorkor

4. Ways to reduce childhood deaths from hunger and malnutrition • Immunize • Breastfeed • Prevent dehydration • Provide family planning • Increase education for women • Provide Vitamin A

5. Famine • Sudan, Africa: Civil war since 1983 • Mother describes life in Southern Sudan • Teaching Farming Techniques

6. Animation: Land Use PLAY ANIMATION

7. Green Revolution • Increased yields per unit area since 1940’s Three steps: • Developing and planting monocultures, selective breeding or genetically engineered crops • Increased use of fertilizers, pesticides and water • Increasing the intensity and frequency of cropping • The Green Revolution: Waging A War Against Hunger

8. Agriculture • Where would you find the following types of agriculture and what types of crops are grown by each? • Traditional (low input) • Industrial (high input) • Plantation

9. Industrialized agriculture Plantation agriculture Intensive traditional ag. Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding No agriculture Fig. 13-4, p. 275

10. Traditional subsistence agriculture Traditional intensive agriculture

11. Industrial agriculture (high input) • What are the high inputs required to make industrialized agriculture work? • Tend to be monocultures

12. Plantation agriculture • Type of industrialized agriculture • Problems associated with plantation agriculture Coffee plantation Kenya Tea plantation in Malaysia

13. Organic Farming • Food grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers • Disadvantages of organic farming?

14. Three ways to decrease hunger, malnutrition and the harmful environmental effects of agriculture: • Slow population growth. • Sharply reduce poverty. • Develop and phase in systems of more sustainable, low input agriculture over the next few decades. Back to the Start Figure 13-34

15. Grazing Ungrazed Grazed Recovery Metabolic reserve intact Metabolic reserve Metabolic reserve

16. Overgrazing Ungrazed Overgrazed Death Most of metabolic reserve eaten Metabolic reserve Death

17. Producing More Meat • Rangelands vs. feedlots (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations - CAFO’s) The Meatrix Meatrix 2 Meatrix 2.5 Grocery Store Wars

18. Trade-Offs Animal Feedlots Advantages Disadvantages Increased meat production Need large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuels Efficient or inefficient? Higher profits Concentrate animal wastes that can pollute water Hogs & Water Quality Less land use Reduced overgrazing Reduced soil erosion Antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans Image of Hog Farms Help protect biodiversity Fig. 13-21, p. 289

19. Use of antibiotics and steroids in meat production Animal Antibiotic Overuse Hurting Humans? - CBS Evening News - CBS News Growth steroids (hormones): cattle and sheep Milk Production hormones: dairy cattle (not beef cattle) No growth hormones allowed for poultry (turkey, chicken and ducks) or pigs

20. Fishing Methods Trawler fishing Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl flap Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Drift-net fishing Long line fishing Buoy Float Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Turtle excluder device

21. Trade-Offs Aquaculture Advantages Disadvantages High efficiency Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water High yield in small volume of water Large waste output Destroys mangrove forests and estuaries Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Uses grain to feed some species Low fuel use Dense populations vulnerable to disease High profits Dan Barber Video Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years Profits not tied to price of oil Fig. 13-24, p. 292

22. Solutions More Sustainable Aquaculture • Use less fishmeal feed to reduce depletion of other fish • Improve management of aquaculture wastes • Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild • Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and estuaries • Farm some aquaculture species in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean • Certify sustainable forms of aquaculture Fig. 13-25, p. 293

23. Government Policies and Food Production • Governments use three main approaches to influence food production: • Control prices to keep prices artificially low. • Provide subsidies to keep farmers in business. • Let the marketplace decide rather that implementing price controls.

24. What is a subsidy? • Financial assistance from the government to assist a business • Agricultural subsidies: • Direct payments to farmers for certain levels of output • Price supports that keep prices higher to increase revenue for farmers: Ex: the government sets a minimum price for sugar that it guarantees to sugar growers. If the market price drops below that level, the government makes up the difference. • Protection against imports of certain products (sugar, dairy) to keep market for local producers

25. Animation: Pesticide Examples PLAY ANIMATION Persistence Resistance

26. THE GENE REVOLUTION • To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of similar types of organisms and mix the genes of different organisms. • Artificial selection has been used for centuries to develop genetically improved varieties of crops. • Genetic engineering develops improved strains at an exponential pace compared to artificial selection. • Controversy has arisen over the use of genetically modified food (GMF).

27. Mixing Genes • Genetic engineering involves splicing a gene from one species and transplanting the DNA into another species. PBS - harvest of fear: what about this fish? Proposition 37 in CA Figure 13-19

28. How Would You Vote? • Do the advantages of genetically engineered foods outweigh their disadvantages? • a. No. The impact of these foods could cause serious harm to the environment or human health. • b. Yes. These foods are needed to combat world hunger.

29. Solutions: Making the Transition to More Sustainable Agriculture • More research, demonstration projects, government subsidies, and training can promote more sustainable organic agriculture. Figure 13-35