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Investigation of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Horizontal Gas Wells

Investigation of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Horizontal Gas Wells. Rosmer Brito. Outline. Objective Introduction Literature Review Study Plan Small Scale Facility Experimental Range Testing Program Instrumentation Near Future Tasks. Objectives.

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Investigation of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Horizontal Gas Wells

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  1. Investigation of Multiphase Flow Behavior in Horizontal Gas Wells Rosmer Brito

  2. Outline • Objective • Introduction • Literature Review • Study Plan • Small Scale Facility • Experimental Range • Testing Program • Instrumentation • Near Future Tasks

  3. Objectives • Investigation of Multiphase Flow Characteristics for Horizontal Oil and Gas Wells • Experimentally Using a Small Scale Facility (2-in. ID) • Theoretically by Developing a Mechanistic Liquid Loading Criterion • Investigate Effects of Wells Geometry and Trajectory • Development of a Predictive Software Tool

  4. Introduction United States Shale Gas Plays

  5. Introduction … U.S. natural gas production, 1990-2035 (trillion cubic feet)

  6. Hydraulic Fracture in Horizontal Wells

  7. Water Production In Horizontal Gas Wells • 80% Water Used for Hydraulic Fracture Spreads in the Reservoir After Flow Back • Below/Above Water Formations • Fractures extends to Water Bearing Layers Continues Water Production

  8. Horizontal Section in Gas Wells • Liquid Loading Occurs When • Gas Production Declines • Associated Liquids are not Lifted • Intermittent or No Gas Production • HL in the Horizontal Section • Impair Production Before Loading is Evident • Slug Flow from Horizontal Wellbore to Tubing • Liquid Loading is Affected by Well Deviation CSU/SPE 149477

  9. Literature Review • Turner (1969) • Water Production Affects Flow Characteristic of the Wells • Liquid Generates Back Pressure  Slugging • Design: Affects HL and dP/dL Prediction • Production: Affects Well Test Results • Proposed Physical Models • Liquid Film Movement Along the Wall of the Pipe • Liquid Droplet Entrainment on the High Velocity Gas Core • Comparison with Field Data

  10. Literature Review … • Coleman (1991) • Parameters Affecting Liquid Loading • Liquids Gravity and Surface Tension • Water and Oil are Presented Onset of Loading • Tubing ID • Pressure • Minor Influence • Temperature, Gas Gravity and Interfacial Tension • Wells that Exhibit Slugging Behavior May not Follow Liquid-Droplet Model  Different Transport Mechanism

  11. Literature Review … • Sarica, Shoham and Brill (1991) • Flow Behavior in Hilly Terrain Pipelines with Low Gas/Liquid  Gravity Dominated • Steady or Unsteady Flow • Transient Behavior • Pipe Geometry • Gas Compressibility • Rigorous Terrain Slugging Model

  12. Literature Review … • Meng (2001) • Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Tests for Inclination Angles of - 2, 0, + 2 in a 2 in. ID Pipe • Pressure Gradient is Much Higher Than Single Phase Case • Slightly Change in Inclination Angle Affects Liquid Holdup

  13. Literature Review … • Zhang and Sarica (2011) • Stratified Flow  Low Liquid Loading Gas/Liquid Flow in Horizontal and Slightly Downward Inclined Pipes

  14. Literature Review … • Zhang and Sarica (2011) • Flow Patterns: • Smooth Interface • 2D Waves • 3D Waves • Roll Waves • Entrainment

  15. Literature Review … • Zhang, and Sarica (2011) • Upward Inclination •  HL • Qg < Qcritical • Transition from SS to SL flow • dP/dL • Almost All Empirical Correlations are Inadequate for the Predictions of Low Liquid Loading Flow Behavior • Mechanistic Models Requires Improvement of Closure Relationships

  16. Literature Review … • Liang-Biao Ouyang (2000) • Influence of Influx on Single Phase and MultiphaseWellboreFlow • Experiments 1993-1997 • 100-ft (30.5 m)-LongHorizontalWellbore • Axial Flow and Radial Influx • Different Wellbore IDs, Gravel Packs, Perforation Types and Densities • Pressure Drop Prediction

  17. Literature Review … • Knowledge in Horizontal Wells Multiphase Flow is Limited • Most of These Studies were Focused on Horizontal Pipes • Complex Configurations (Undulations) have not been Investigated in Majority of Studies • Multiple Fluid Entry Locations have not been Considered

  18. Study Plan • Experimental • Design and Construct a Versatile Facility • Perform Testing Based on Prioritized Schedule • Model Development for Prediction Loading and Flow Conditions

  19. Small Scale Facility • Overall Cost ~ $50,000 • Two Months of Construction Time • Facility will be Ready by Nov. 1st, 2012 • Low Modification Effort • Quick Results • Preliminary Results can be Utilized for Large Scale Loop Design and Instrument Selection and Location • Some Artificial Lift Methods can also be Tested • Needs to Be Identified

  20. Small Scale Facility … 6 C8 40’ ( 240D ) 2 ’’ 5 C7 C3 C2 C1 C6 4 PT1 3 2 ’’ 2 1 TTW 2 ’’ C5 C4 DP2 DP1 Water Tank Control Valve CVW Coriolis Meter MMW Quick Closing Valve Camera 2 ’’ Submergible Pump No Intrusive Capacitance Sensor 1

  21. Experimental Range … 6 C8 40’ ( 240D ) 2 ’’ 5 C7 C3 C2 C1 C6 4 PT1 3 2 ’’ 2 1 TTW 2 ’’ C5 C4 DP2 DP1 Water Tank Control Valve CVW Coriolis Meter MMW Quick Closing Valve Camera 2 ’’ Submergible Pump No Intrusive Capacitance Sensor 1

  22. Experimental Range … • Flow Pattern Map (= -1)

  23. Experimental Range … 6 C8 40’ ( 240D ) 2 ’’ 5 C7 C3 C2 C1 C6 4 PT1 3 2 ’’ 2 1 TTW 2 ’’ C5 C4 DP2 DP1 Water Tank Control Valve CVW Coriolis Meter MMW Quick Closing Valve Camera 2 ’’ Submergible Pump No Intrusive Capacitance Sensor 1

  24. Experimental Range … • Flow Pattern Map (= 0)

  25. Experimental Range … 6 C8 40’ ( 240D ) 2 ’’ 5 C7 C3 C2 C1 C6 4 PT1 3 2 ’’ 2 1 TTW 2 ’’ C5 C4 DP2 DP1 Water Tank Control Valve CVW Coriolis Meter MMW Quick Closing Valve Camera 2 ’’ Submergible Pump No Intrusive Capacitance Sensor 1

  26. Experimental Range … • Flow Pattern Map (= +1)

  27. Testing Program • Static Liquid Tests • qLin=0 • Liquid Volume, VL>0 • Dynamic Liquid Tests • qLin>0

  28. Static Tests

  29. Static Tests

  30. Static Tests

  31. Static Tests Gas Superficial Gas Velocity

  32. Static Tests Gas

  33. Static Tests … Gas

  34. Dynamic Tests Gas Water • VSW=0.003 m/s – 0.03 m/s • VSG=0.3 m/s –16 m/s

  35. Dynamic Tests … • Determine Multiphase Flow Characteristics for Undulating Section • Flow Pattern • Pressure Drop • Liquid Holdup • Water Blockage Phenomena

  36. Instrumentation • Clamp on Capacitance Sensor

  37. T2 Instrumentation … • Quick Closing Valve System P2 PRESURRIZED VESSEL T1 P1 V2 AIR QCV V1 TEST SECTION WATER

  38. Instrumentation … • Flow Pattern Observation • Flow Pattern Evaluation Videos in the Inlet, Undulating and Vertical Section by Utilizing Outdoor Surveillance Cameras • High Speed Camera Will be Connected to the Undulating Section

  39. Instrumentation … • Film Flow Direction • Wall Shear Stress Sensor • Wall Shear Stress Measurement • Near Wall Flow Direction Indicator • Commercial Device for Direct Wall Shear Stress Measurement LenterraRealShear™ F - Series

  40. Near Future Tasks • Completion of Construction of the Facility (November 2012) • Testing Starting in November 2012

  41. Thanks …

  42. Questions

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