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Revocation Games in Ephemeral Networks. Maxim Raya , Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Márk Félegyházi , Jean-Pierre Hubaux CCS 2008. Misbehavior in Ad Hoc Networks. Traditional ad hoc networks. Ephemeral networks. A. B. M. Packet forwarding Routing. Large scale High mobility
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RevocationGames inEphemeral Networks Maxim Raya, Mohammad Hossein Manshaei, MárkFélegyházi, Jean-Pierre Hubaux CCS 2008
Misbehavior in Ad Hoc Networks Traditional ad hoc networks Ephemeral networks A B M • Packet forwarding • Routing • Large scale • High mobility • Data dissemination Solution to misbehavior: Reputation systems ?
Reputation vs. Local Revocation • Reputation systems: • Often coupled with routing/forwarding • Require long-term monitoring • Keep the misbehaving nodes in the system • Local Revocation • Fast and clear-cut reaction to misbehavior • Reported to the credential issuer • Can be repudiated
Tools of the Revocation Trade • Wait for: • Credential expiration • Central revocation • Vote with: • Fixed number of votes • Fixed fraction of nodes (e.g., majority) • Suicide: • Both the accusing and accused nodes are revoked Whichtool to use?
How much does it cost? • Nodes are selfish • Revocation costs • Attacks cause damage How to avoid the free rider problem? Game theory can help: models situations where the decisions of players affect eachother
Example: VANET • CA pre-establishes credentials offline • Each node has multiple changing pseudonyms • Pseudonyms are costly • Fraction of detectors =
Revocation Game • Key principle: Revoke only costly attackers • Strategies: • Abstain (A) • Vote (V): votes are needed • Self-sacrifice (S) • benign nodes, including detectors • attackers • Dynamic (sequential) game
Game with fixed costs 1 A S V A: Abstain S: Self-sacrifice V: Vote 2 2 A A S V S V 3 3 3 A S V A S V A S V Costof abstaining Cost of self-sacrifice Cost of voting All costs are in keys/message
Game withfixedcosts: Example 1 Equilibrium 1 A S V 2 2 Backward induction A A S V S V 3 3 3 A S V A S V A S V Assumptions:c > 1
Game withfixedcosts: Example 2 Equilibrium 1 A S V 2 2 A A S V S V 3 3 3 A S V A S V A S V Assumptions:v < c < 1, n = 2
Game with fixed costs: Equilibrium Theorem 1: For any given values of ni,nr,v, and c, the strategy of player i that results in a subgame-perfect equilibrium is: ni=Number of remaining nodes that can participate in the game nr =Number of remaining votes that is required to revoke Revocation is left to the end, doesn’t work in practice
Game with variable costs 1 A S V 2 2 A S V 3 S Number of stages Attack damage
Game with variable costs: Equilibrium Theorem 2:For any given values of ni,nr,v, and δ, the strategy of player i that results in a subgame-perfect equilibrium is: Revocation has to be quick
Optimal number of voters • Minimize: Abuse by attackers Duration of attack
Optimal number of voters • Minimize: Abuse by attackers Duration of attack Fraction of active players
RevoGame Estimation of parameters Choice of strategy
Evaluation • TraNS, ns2, Google Earth, Manhattan • 303 vehicles, average speed = 50 km/h • Fraction of detectors • Damage/stage • Cost of voting • False positives • 50 runs, 95 % confidence intervals
Global effect of local revocations How many benign nodes ignore an attacker?
False positives and abuse How many benign nodes ignore a benign node?
Conclusion • Local revocation is a viable mechanism for handling misbehavior in ephemeral networks • The choice of revocation strategies should depend on their costs • RevoGame achieves the elusive tradeoff between different strategies