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The Restoration & The 18 th Century

The Restoration & The 18 th Century. 1660-1800. Why is it called the Restoration?. Charles II becomes king after 10 years of parliamentary rule under Oliver Cromwell All changes made under Cromwell are voided Return of the Anglican Church Return of aristocracy as “high point” of existence

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The Restoration & The 18 th Century

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  1. The Restoration & The 18th Century 1660-1800

  2. Why is it called the Restoration? • Charles II becomes king after 10 years of parliamentary rule under Oliver Cromwell • All changes made under Cromwell are voided • Return of the Anglican Church • Return of aristocracy as “high point” of existence • Return of religious persecution of all non-Anglicans

  3. OTHER NAMES • Enlightenment • Age of Reason • NeoClassical Period • Augustan Age It was a return to ideals first presented by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

  4. KEY EVENTS • 1666 – Great London Fire • 1685-1688 – Reign of James II tries to reestablish Catholic church • 1688-1689 – Bloodless Revolution succession of Protestant rulers William & Mary • 1695 – Penal Laws deprives Irish Catholics of rights • 1707 – England, Wales & Scotland become Great Britain • 1714 – George I becomes king, cannot speak English • 1760 – George III becomes king, loses American colonies • 1775 – American Revolution begins • 1789 – French Revolution begins • 1799 – Rosetta Stone discovered Napolean becomes emperor of France

  5. SOCIETY • RICH Lived lavishly Heavily ornamented clothing, rich fabrics Heavy makeup (men/women) High, fancily dressed wigs (men/women) High heels (men/women) Spent time attending parties, theatre, & balls Beginning of resort cities - Bath

  6. Images of clothing from Restoration perios

  7. Women’s clothing from Restoration period

  8. Resort City of Bath

  9. SOCIETY • POOR Lived in dirty, overcrowded slums Poor sanitation Disease-ridden Spent much time in debtor’s prison Victims of alcoholism

  10. Images of the poor

  11. SCIENCE • Sir Isaac Newton published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Robert Hooke contributed to astronomy, biology, physics & chemistry • Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduces inoculations for smallpox • Robert Boyle began modern study of chemistry

  12. INVENTIONS • Cheddar Cheese • Gas streetlights • Address Directory • Lightning Rod

  13. RELIGION • Persecution of all non-Anglicans began mass immigration to other countries for religious freedom • Deists new religious ideology believed the world was a giant, perfect mechanism, created by God, and then left to run on its own

  14. LITERATURE - DRAMA • Very popular amongst the upper class • Females finally allowed on stage • Comedy of Manners reflected life of the rich and leisure classes • Heroic Dramas melodramatic plays, with exaggerated dialogue, emotional outbursts and stereotypical characters

  15. PLAYWRIGHTS • Moliere (French) The Misanthrope, The Imaginary Invalid • Jean Racine (French) Andromaque • Pierre Cornielle (French) Cid • John Dryden All for Love • William Wycherly The Country Wife • William Congreve The Way of the World • George Farquhar The Beaux Strategem

  16. Racine Wycherly Farquhar Cornielle Dryden Congreve Moliere

  17. LITERATURE - PROSE • Writing became a science no more ornate metaphors, a la Shakespeare shorter sentences • Essayists and journalists wrote for the middle-class addressed political matters wanted social reform established newspapers – The Tatler & The Spectator

  18. WRITERS • Samuel Pepys diary of English life • Olaudah Equiano publishes his autobiography of his days as a slave • Mary Wollstencraft publishes “Vindication of the Rights of Women” mother of Mary Shelley (Frankenstein) • Samuel Johnson publishes first dictionary

  19. Wollestonecraft Equiano Johnson Pepys

  20. LITERATURE - POETRY • Neoclassical appealed to intellect and reason witty, filled with classical allusions used to celebrate, mourn, or ridicule followed strict rules of form

  21. POETS • Alexander Pope also wrote satire & epigrams • William Wordsworth • Samuel Taylor Coleridge • Phyllis Wheatley 1st African-American female to be published

  22. Wordsworth Coleridge Wheatley Pope

  23. LITERATURE – SATIRE • Ridicules human weakness, vice or folly in order to gain social reform

  24. SATIRISTS • Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock • Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels “A Modest Proposal” • Voltaire Candide

  25. LITERATURE - NOVEL • Came into being in the 18th century and were immediately popular told stories of the middle class gave a view of the emotions of the characters • Epistolary Novels novel written in letter form

  26. NOVELISTS • Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe • Aphra Behn first female novelist Oroonoko – anti-slavery novel

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