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Organic Macromolecules

Organic Macromolecules. Covalent Bonding. For C, N, O, & H… # of bonds = # of e - needed to fill outer energy level H = 1 O = 2 N = 3 C = 4. H. C. N. O. H. O-H. H. C. C. H. H. H. H. H. H. C. N. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. C. C. C. H. H. H. H. H. H. H. H.

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Organic Macromolecules

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  1. Organic Macromolecules

  2. Covalent Bonding • For C, N, O, & H… # of bonds = # of e- needed to fill outer energy level • H = 1 • O = 2 • N = 3 • C = 4

  3. H C N O H O-H H C C H H H H H H C N H H H H H H H H H C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H C C H C H C C C C C C C H H C C H H H H H H H H H Structural Formulas • Putting these pieces together, draw a possible structural formula for… • CH4 • CNH5 • C2H6O • C2H4 • C6H12

  4. Chemical Reactions • The rearrangement of atoms CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2 (Reactants) (Products)

  5. ChemicalReactions • Endergonic Reaction • Energy is required • Exergonic Reaction • Energy is released • Activation Energy • Energy req’d to start rxn • Catalyst • Decreases AE • Speeds up rxns Energy Time Products Reactants

  6. Chemical Reactions Review 2 Mg + O2 2 MgO • Was energy mostly released or absorbed? • Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? • Why doesn’t this reaction occur on its own? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • Is energy mostly released or absorbed? • Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? • Where does the absorbed energy go?

  7. Macromolecular Structure • Monomer • Single unit of a macromolecule • Monomers join to form polymers • Polymers can be split into monomers

  8. Carbohydrates • C, H, & O in 1:2:1 ratio • Often in rings or linked rings • Monosaccharide (simple sugar) • Carbohydrate monomer • Glucose - Photosynthesis • Fructose - Fruit • Galactose - Milk

  9. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide (sugars linked together) • Cellulose - Plant cell walls, wood, cotton • Starch - Plant energy storage

  10. Lipids • Lots of C, twice as much H, very little O • Hydrocarbon chains Fatty acid (monomer) • Triglyceride (polymer) • 3 fatty acids linked together • Oil (liquid) - E storage • Fat (solid) - E storage, insulation, padding • Nonpolar • Won’t dissolve in H2O • Polar • Will dissolve in H2O

  11. Lipids • Steroids (four carbon rings) • Cholesterol, venoms, hormones

  12. Steroid Abuse

  13. Radical Group R O H N C C H O H H Proteins • C, H, O, N and sometimes S • Peptide = Amino Acid = Protein Monomer • Over twenty varieties (Differ only in “radical” group)

  14. Proteins

  15. Proteins • Polymers made of amino acids • Structural examples • Muscle fibers, hair, cytoskeleton • Cell membrane proteins

  16. Proteins • Enzymes • Protein catalysts • Help convert substrates to products

  17. Rate of Rxns • Temperature • As temp ↑, collisions are more frequent (rate ↑) • At high temps, enzyme changes shape (rate ↓) Rate Denaturation Temperature

  18. Rate of Rxns • pH • Different enzymes have different optimal ranges

  19. Rate of Rxns • As [substrate] ↑, Rate ↑ Rate [substrate]

  20. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic Acid Polymers • RNA • Protein synthesis • DNA • Primary genetic info

  21. Photosynthesis Fruit Milk Liquid at room temp Solid at room temp Hydrophilic (polar) end Hydrophobic (nonpolar) end Glucose Fructose Galactose Plant E storage Oil Fat Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Polymer: Triglyceride Plant cell walls Wood Cotton Monomer: Fatty Acid Starch Polymer: Polysaccharide Cellulose Steroid Hormone Venom Cholesterol Organic Molecules Amino Group Monomer: Amino Acid (peptide) Carboxyl Group Phosphate Monomer: Nucleotide Radical Group Base Sugar (monosaccharide) Polymer: Nucleic Acid (polynucleotide) Polymer: Protein (polypeptide) Structural Protein DNA RNA Enzyme Ribose Deoxyribose Original genetic info Double strand Protein synthesis Single strand Activity varies Reusable Chemical Tool Acts on specific substrate Carbohydrate C, H, O (1:2:1) Lipid C, H, Less O Nucleic Acid C, H, O, N, P Protein C, H, O, N, S

  22. Biochemistry Review • Name the 4 types of organic molecules. • Which general type applies… A) photosynthesis product C) RNA B) triglyceride D) enzyme • Complete the analogy A) Monomer : Polymer :: Glucose : ____________ B) Rxn : Activation E :: Football game : ________ C) Protein : Sulfur :: Nucleic Acid : ____________ D) Substrate : Enzyme :: Homework : __________

  23. Biochemistry Review • How can one tell the difference between the 4 types of organic molecules based upon structures? • Name the monomer for each of the four types of organic molecules. • Why is the polarity of water significant for living things? • Describe acids and bases in two different ways. • What parts make up a solution?

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