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Unraveling the DNA Puzzle: Discovery, Inheritance, and Replication

Explore the fascinating journey of DNA discovery from Griffith to Watson and Crick, and understand the structure, replication, and transcription processes. Learn about the essential role of RNA in protein synthesis and translation.

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Unraveling the DNA Puzzle: Discovery, Inheritance, and Replication

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  1. Inheritance and the Structure of DNA

  2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  3. DNA Discovery • 1928-Frederick Griffith • transforming factor • 1944-James Watson and Francis Crick • discovered that DNA was the transforming factor  • 1952-Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins • took x-ray photographs of the DNA molecule • 1953-Watson and Crick • created a three-dimensional 3-D model of DNA  • 1962-Watson, Crick, and Wilkins • received the Nobel Prize in Medicine

  4. What is DNA? • Genetic material used to express traits • Nucleotide units • Deoxyribose (sugar) • Phosphate • Base • Purines (double ring) • Thymine ( T ) • Cytosine ( C ) • Pyrimidine (one ring) • Adenine ( A ) • Guanine ( G )

  5. Complementary Strands • Order of bases on the nucleotides in one strand of DNA complements the order of bases on the opposite strand • base sequence

  6. DNA Replication • DNA stores and transmit information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them. • DNA located in the nucleus and cannot leave. • Duplication of DNA

  7. DNA Helicase and DNA Polymerase

  8. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) • RNA differs from DNA • Sugar is ribose • The nitrogen base THYMINE is replaced by URACIL • RNA is single-stranded • There are three types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  9. RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA) • copies the information from the DNA in the nucleus • Transfer RNA (tRNA) • reads the information from mRNA • carries amino acids to the ribosome • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  10. Transcription • DNA to mRNA • in nucleus • Translation • mRNA to tRNA and rRNA to make proteins • in cytoplasm

  11. Transcription • Reading the gene • RNA polymerase (mRNA)

  12. Translation • RNA to proteins • Cytoplasm • tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA • assemble proteins • Genetic Code • Three letter word (codon) • Codon codes for amino acid • 64 mRNA

  13. Translation • Specific amino acid on one end of each tRNA.   • anticodon on tRNA is complementary codon on mRNA. • mRNA joins with a rRNA and tRNA • first tRNA is released from the ribosome • Amino acids bond creating a polypeptide chain • This process is repeated until one of three stop codons is reached 

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