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Modification of Genes and Proteins

Modification of Genes and Proteins. Brian Fitzgerald, Sam Kutana , and George Rakushkin. Summery of Transcription and Translation. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using unwound DNA, travels to tRNA in the cytoplasm, and is “decoded” to create a chain of amino acids.

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Modification of Genes and Proteins

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  1. Modification of Genes and Proteins Brian Fitzgerald, Sam Kutana, and George Rakushkin

  2. Summery of Transcription and Translation mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using unwound DNA, travels to tRNA in the cytoplasm, and is “decoded” to create a chain of amino acids.

  3. Initiation of Transcription Transcription starts when RNA polymerase attaches itself to the promoter region of the DNA

  4. Elongation After initiation, RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix of DNA. The unwound strand becomes a template on which a new RNA strand is synthesized

  5. Transcript Processing After the pre-mRNA is created with transcription, it is processed by enzymes in the nucleus

  6. Translation After the mRNA is synthesized and released, it is fed through tRNA and creates a chain of amino acids based on codons in the mRNA

  7. Spontaneous Protein Folding An unfolded amino-acid chain folds itself as hydrophobic (black) peptides flee the watery cytoplasm.

  8. Intermediate Steps Because proteins are so complex, they must follow specific intermediate steps in order to achieve a complete folding

  9. Direct Reversal Direct reversal is being used to repair damage done to a piece of DNA. Direct reversal is also used to reverse methylation

  10. Single- Strand Repair When nucleotides on only one side of a DNA strand are damaged, the cell can use the other side as a template for replacement

  11. Double – Strand Break Repair Homologous recombination is being utilized to repair a double-strand break. Blue indicates broken DNA and red indicates that DNA’s sister chromatid

  12. RNA Interference If “fishy” mRNA is discovered in a cell, all copies of the gene that would produce the mRNA are destroyed. This protects against viral duplication

  13. Cellular response to double stranded RNA (dsRNA) When a cell comes in contact with dsRNA, it is chopped up into smaller segments and then used to identify and destroy any RNA produced by the dsRNA

  14. Medical Applications of RNAi • - Cancer • - Lou Gehrig’s Disease • - Huntington’s • -Alzheimers • - Gene Identification

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