Scientific Method

1. Scientific Method

2. OHEC • Observe • Hypothesize • Experiment • Conclude

3. Observation A note made by studying something using sight, sound, touch, smell and taste • Will all popcorn kernels pop if bagged popcorn is stored in a cabinet or refrigerator? • Will warm water or cold water help a plant grow faster? • Does bar soap clean your hands better than sanitizing solution? • Will more ants eat butter or margarine? • Does salted water boil faster than unsalted water?

4. Inference • Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgement. If you infer that something has happened, you do not see, hear, feel, smell, or taste the actual event. But from what you know, it makes sense to think that it has happened.

5. Hypothesis A scientific guess as to the outcome of an experiment • If bagged popcorn is stored in a refrigerator then all the kernels will pop. • If a plant is given warm water then it will grow faster than a plant given cold water. • If you clean your hands with sanitizing solution then your hands will not be cleaner than if you used liquid soap. • If ants are fed butter then they will not eat margarine. • If salt is added to water then the water will not boil faster.

6. How to make a hypothesis If _________________then ________________ independent variable dependent variable The variable that is changed by the experimenter The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable

7. Experiment • Steps used to conduct an investigation • One bagged popcorn of the same brand is placed in the refrigerator for 24 hours. • Two of the same type plant were watered.  One plant is given water at 75 degrees Celsius and one plant is given water at 15 degrees Celsius. • An individual has one hand cleaned with sanitizing solution and the other hand cleaned with liquid soap.  The sanitized hand is allowed to dry while the other hand is washed for twenty seconds and then rinsed. • To determine which lipid ants would eat, ants from the same colony were given ½ tablespoon of margarine and ½ tablespoon of butter. 

8. Experimental vs. Control Experimental Group Control Group All variables kept constant. Used for comparison during the experiment Group subjected to the independent variable Ex: Cold water for plant or warm water for plant Ex: Room temperature water for plant

9. Conculsion Statement that explains the results of the experiment • Popcorn stored in the refrigerator popped better than popcorn stored in the cabinet; was hypothesis proven or disproven. • *Plants given warm water grew better than plants given cold water; was hypothesis proven or disproven • *Hands cleaned with liquid soap have fewer germs than hands cleaned with sanitizing solution; was hypothesis proven or disproven • *More ants ate the butter than margarine; was hypothesis proven or disproven • *The salted water boiled faster than the unsalted water; was hypothesis proven or disproven

10. Try it! In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming was studying a bacteria growing in culture dishes. He notices a mold called Penicillium was also growing in some of the dishes. A clear area existed around the mold because all the bacteria that had grown in this area had died. Fleming hypothesized that the mold must be producing a chemical that killed the bacteria. He decided to isolate this substance and test it to see if it would kill bacteria. After he grew the mold in a nutrient broth, he removed the mold and added the broth to a culture of bacteria. The bacteria died. This is how the antibiotic Penicillin was discovered. • What was the problem? • What was the hypothesis • What was the conclusion of the experiment.

11. Lab Tools • Scalpel • Forceps • Beaker • Hot plate • Microscope • Petri dish • Pipette • Test tube • Slide cover • Slide • Probe • Graduated cylinder • Goggles • Erlenmeyer flask • Test tube rack • Tongs